Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology A Level > Circulatory System > Flashcards

Circulatory System Flashcards

(92 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is required for blood to move in the circulatory system?

A

Differences in pressure

Blood moves from high to low pressure due to contraction and relaxation of the heart muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is Mass Flow in the context of blood circulation?

A

The bulk movement of materials due to a difference in pressure

Blood moves into heart chambers causing volume and pressure changes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What happens during the cardiac cycle?

A

A sequence of contraction and relaxation of the heart chambers during one beat

The cycle includes systole and diastole phases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is systole?

A

The contraction of the heart muscle

This phase occurs during the cardiac cycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is diastole?

A

The relaxation of the heart muscle

This phase occurs during the cardiac cycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the three stages of the cardiac cycle?

A
  • Atrial and ventricular diastole
  • Atrial systole
  • Ventricular systole

Each stage involves specific pressure changes and blood flow dynamics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe atrial and ventricular diastole.

A

Both atria and ventricles are relaxed with higher pressure in the veins and lower pressure in the atria

Blood flows from the veins into the atria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What occurs during atrial systole?

A

Blood flows from the atria into the ventricles with contracted atria and relaxed ventricles

Pressure is higher in the atria and lower in the ventricles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What prevents backflow of blood into the atria during atrial systole?

A

Atrioventricular valves

These valves close to ensure unidirectional blood flow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens during ventricular systole?

A

Blood flows from the ventricles to the arteries with contracted ventricles and relaxed atria

Pressure must be higher in the ventricles than in the arteries for blood to flow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What prevents backflow of blood into the heart during ventricular systole?

A

Semi-lunar valves

These valves close to maintain forward blood flow into the arteries.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What role do papillary muscles play during the cardiac cycle?

A

They force the atrioventricular valves shut

This action prevents backflow during ventricular contraction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the characteristic of liquids that affects pressure changes in the heart?

A

Liquids are incompressible

This property ensures that pressure changes can effectively drive blood flow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the primary function of the heart?

A

The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood around the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What type of blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?

A

Arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What type of blood vessels carry blood back to the heart?

A

Veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs?

A

Right side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the left side of the heart do?

A

Pumps blood around the whole body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why is the left side of the heart more muscular than the right side?

A

It needs to pump blood around the whole body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What soluble products of digestion does blood pick up at the small intestine?

A

Glucose and amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What waste product is removed from cells by the blood?

A

Urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What happens to the heart rate during exercise?

A

It increases to supply oxygen and glucose more quickly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What hormone increases heart rate when we are afraid or excited?

A

Adrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What arteries supply blood to the heart's own cells?
Left and right coronary artery
26
What are the two circulation systems in mammals called?
Systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation
27
What separates the two sides of the heart?
Septum
28
How many times does the heart pump in the double circulation system?
Twice
29
Which ventricle pumps blood to the lungs?
Right ventricle
30
Which ventricle pumps blood around the body?
Left ventricle
31
What is the pressure difference between the body and lung circulation?
Higher pressure to the body and lower pressure to the lungs
32
What type of muscle are the walls of the atria and ventricles made from?
Cardiac muscle
33
Why do the atria have thinner muscle walls than the ventricles?
They need less force to push blood into the ventricles.
34
What are the valves between the atria and ventricles called?
Atrioventricular or cuspid valves
35
What is the name of the atrioventricular valve on the right side of the heart?
Tricuspid valve
36
What is the name of the atrioventricular valve on the left side of the heart?
Bicuspid valve
37
What prevents blood from flowing back into the atria when the ventricles contract?
Atrioventricular valves
38
What helps to keep the atrioventricular valves closed under pressure?
Papillary muscles and heart tendons
39
What are the small pocket valves in arteries called?
Semi-lunar valves
40
What is the name of the semi-lunar valve in the pulmonary artery?
Pulmonary valve
41
What is the name of the semi-lunar valve in the aorta?
Aortic valve
42
Fill in the blank: The _______ separates the two sides of the heart.
Septum
43
What is a characteristic of an Artery?
Thick layer of elastic tissue ## Footnote Arteries have a thick layer of elastic tissue to accommodate high pressure from blood flow.
44
What happens to arteries when blood enters them?
Stretched by the volume and pressure of the blood entering them ## Footnote This stretching helps arteries manage fluctuating blood pressure.
45
What function does elastic recoil serve in arteries?
Maintains the blood pressure and reduces the surging of the blood ## Footnote Elastic recoil occurs during diastole, aiding in continuous blood flow.
46
Where can a pulse be felt?
In these blood vessels where they cross bones near the skin ## Footnote Pulses can be felt in arteries due to their proximity to the skin and the pressure of blood flow.
47
What is a key characteristic of an Arteriole?
The thickest layer of tissue in the wall is muscle ## Footnote Arterioles have muscular walls that allow them to regulate blood flow.
48
What can the muscular wall of an Arteriole do?
Contract restricting blood flow ## Footnote This contraction helps control blood distribution to various tissues.
49
50
What happens to blood pressure as vessels divide into smaller vessels?
The total cross sectional area increases, reducing blood pressure
51
What is the composition of the walls of capillaries?
A single layer of endothelial cells
52
Where is blood flow the slowest among all types of vessels?
In the capillaries
53
What can be exchanged across capillaries?
Materials
54
What feature do some capillaries have that allows for faster diffusion?
Fenestrations
55
Fill in the blank: The walls of capillaries consist of a _______.
single layer of endothelial cells
56
True or False: Blood flow is fastest in the capillaries.
False
57
What is the significance of the total cross sectional area increasing in smaller vessels?
It reduces blood pressure
58
59
What type of walls do certain blood vessels have?
Thin walls with similar amounts of elastic and muscle tissue
60
Where is blood pressure the lowest in the circulatory system?
In certain blood vessels with thin walls
61
What structural feature do some blood vessels contain?
Valves
62
What role do muscles play in certain blood vessels?
Help to squeeze the blood along these vessels
63
What effect does reduced pressure in the atria have?
Helps the flow of blood
64
Fill in the blank: Blood vessels with _______ have thin walls and valves.
similar amounts of elastic and muscle tissue
65
How do you calculate cardiac output
Stroke volume. X heart rate
66
67
What is tissue fluid?
A fluid which surrounds all of the cells in the body providing a relatively constant environment ## Footnote Tissue fluid is essential for maintaining homeostasis around cells.
68
What does tissue fluid do?
Provides cells with necessary materials, removes waste materials, keeps composition and temperature around cells fairly constant, allowing efficient gas exchange ## Footnote These functions are crucial for cellular health and function.
69
How is tissue fluid formed?
Blood enters capillary bed from arteries under high hydrostatic pressure, causing some of the watery part of the blood plasma to be pushed through the capillary walls in a process called ultrafiltration ## Footnote Larger proteins remain in the capillaries during this process.
70
What happens to the tissue fluid at the venous end of the capillaries?
Water is pulled back into the capillaries by osmosis and increased hydrostatic pressure in the tissue fluid ## Footnote This process helps maintain fluid balance in the body.
71
What forces are involved in the formation and draining of tissue fluid?
Hydrostatic pressure and water potential ## Footnote Hydrostatic pressure is the fluid pressure of blood, while water potential is generated mainly by proteins in plasma.
72
73
What is the formation of tissue fluid primarily caused by?
Ultrafiltration ## Footnote Tissue fluid is a watery substance pushed out by ultrafiltration from capillaries.
74
What happens to blood pressure during the formation of tissue fluid?
It decreases ## Footnote A decrease in blood pressure occurs as fluid is pushed out of capillaries.
75
Which end of the capillary has high hydrostatic pressure?
Arteriole end ## Footnote High hydrostatic pressure at the arteriole end facilitates the formation of tissue fluid.
76
What type of epithelium lines the capillaries?
Squamous epithelium ## Footnote This type of epithelium allows for efficient exchange of substances.
77
What occurs at the venule end of the capillary?
Fluid returns by osmosis ## Footnote At the venule end, the osmotic pressure allows some fluid to return to the bloodstream.
78
What is the role of lymph vessels in fluid return?
Some fluid drains into lymph vessels ## Footnote Lymph vessels collect excess tissue fluid that does not return to the bloodstream.
79
What is the effect of losing fluid on water potential?
It decreases water potential ## Footnote Loss of fluid from the capillaries causes a decrease in water potential in the surrounding tissue.
80
What is a characteristic of tissue fluid?
Watery substance ## Footnote Tissue fluid is primarily composed of water and various solutes.
81
What pressure is low at the venule end?
Low hydrostatic pressure ## Footnote This low pressure at the venule end aids in the reabsorption of fluid.
82
Fill in the blank: The arteriole end of a capillary has _______ hydrostatic pressure.
high
83
Fill in the blank: Tissue fluid is formed due to _______ from the capillaries.
ultrafiltration
84
85
What happens to tissue fluid while bathing the cells?
It loses most of its Oxygen and nutrients but gains waste products such as Carbon Dioxide ## Footnote This process is part of cellular respiration and waste removal.
86
What system carries some of the tissue fluid that does not re-enter the capillaries?
The lymphatic system ## Footnote The lymphatic system is a network of vessels that help maintain fluid balance.
87
How does the lymphatic system drain back into the bloodstream?
Via two ducts attached to the veins near the heart ## Footnote These ducts include the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct.
88
What powers the movement of lymph fluid?
Hydrostatic pressure of the tissue fluid from the capillaries and contractions of body muscles ## Footnote Muscle contractions help to propel lymph fluid through the vessels.
89
What role do valves play in the lymphatic system?
They ensure that the lymph fluid flows in the right direction ## Footnote Valves prevent backflow and maintain unidirectional flow.
90
What happens to fluid that drains into the lymph vessels?
It passes into larger lymph vessels ## Footnote This process facilitates the transport of lymph fluid toward the lymph nodes.
91
What occurs to bacteria in the lymphatic system?
They are destroyed by macrophages and antibodies produced by lymph nodes ## Footnote This is part of the immune response to fight infections.
92
Where does lymph fluid eventually drain back into the blood system?
Via the subclavian vein ## Footnote The subclavian vein is located near the heart and is crucial for returning lymph to circulation.

Biology A Level (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions