Circulatory System

Question 0

What vessel takes blood from the left side of the heart ?

Answer 0

Aorta

Question 1

Which vessel takes blood into the left side of the heart?

Answer 1

Pulmonary vein

Question 2

Where does the blood from the aorta go?

Answer 2

It’s oxygenated so is pumped to capillaries of head and forelimbs, abdominal organs and hind limbs.

Question 3

Which vessel carries deoxygenated blood back to right side of heart?

Answer 3

Superior vena cava

Question 4

Which vessel carries deoxygenated blood from lower organs of the body?

Answer 4

Inferior vena cava

Question 5

How many times does the blood circulate through the heart?

Answer 5

Twice ( double circulatory system)

Question 6

Right side of circulatory system oxygenated or deoxygenated ?

Answer 6

Deoxygenated

Question 7

Left side of circulatory system oxygenated or deoxygenated ?

Answer 7

Oxygenated blood

Question 8

What does the pulmonary circuit do?

Answer 8

Carries blood to lungs to be oxygenated and return to heart

Question 9

What does the systemic circuit do?

Answer 9

Takes blood around the body and returns deoxygenated blood back to heart.

Question 10

What’s in blood?

Answer 10

RBC, WBC, waste ,platelets, hormones, plasma, co2, O2, nutrients.

Question 11

What is blood?

Answer 11

Tissue, transport system, maintains stability of interstitial fluid,distributes heat

Question 12

List the characteristics of RBC?

Answer 12

Numerous
1/3 haemoglobin 
Biconcave discs (increased SA)
Squeeze through capillaries
No organelles

Question 13

What happens when when there is a high conc of O2 (eg alveoli)?

Answer 13

Haemoglobin combines with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin.

Question 14

What happens when blood reaches tissues with a low O2 conc?

Answer 14

O2 from the oxyhemoglobin dissociates and O2 released into tissues via diffusion (high to low conc)

Question 15

Where are RBC produced?

Answer 15

In bone marrow (2.4 million per second)

Question 16

What is released when blood O2 levels are low?

Answer 16

Erythropoietin

Question 17

What is erythropoietin?

Answer 17

Protein hormone released by kidney. When released in blood it binds with receptors in bone marrow. Stimulates production of RBC

Question 18

What destroys our worn out RBC?

Answer 18

Macrophages in spleen and liver

Question 19

What is the function of leucocytes (WCC)?

Answer 19

Fight disease

Question 20

What are granulocytes?

Answer 20

They are a type of leucocyte that contain granules within the cytoplasm .

Question 21

Where are granulocytes produced?

Answer 21

Bone marrow

Question 22

What are the 3 types of granulocytes?

Answer 22

Neutrophils 50-70%
Basophils 2-4%
Eosinophils 0.5-1%

Question 23

List the three mechanisms of phagocytosis?

Answer 23

Sticks to it
Cytoplasmic arms around it
Lysosomes inside kill and digest it

Question 24

Where are neutrophils produced?

Answer 24

Bone marrow

Question 25

What do neutrophils do?

Answer 25

Fight infection- migrate to point if infection- absorb bacteria by phagocytosis. Dissolve dead tissue/ turns to liquid called pus

Question 26

What is an eosinophil and what do they do?

Answer 26

Combat parasitic infection | Impact on allergies and asthma

Question 27

What do eosinophils contain?

Answer 27

Histamine protein

Question 28

What are basophils and what do they do?

Answer 28

``` Less common granulocytes Cause inflammatory reaction They are large cytoplasmic granules/ obscure nucleus Contain heparin Contain histamine also ```

Question 29

What are agranulocytes?

Answer 29

Leucocyte with little or no granules | Produced by lymph nodes (spleen and thymus)

Question 30

What are the 2 types of agranulocytes ?

Answer 30

Lymphocytes | Monocytes

Question 31

List the function of lymphocytes?

Answer 31

Provide specific immune response Recognise foreign antigens Produce antibodies

Question 32

Where do B cells mature?

Answer 32

Bone marrow

Question 33

What're are T cells produced?

Answer 33

Thymus gland

Question 34

How to monocytes fight infection?

Answer 34

Migrate into connective tissue and become macrophages- don't produce pus

Question 35

What are macrophages?

Answer 35

Key cells of immune response | Provide non specific immediate response to infection

Question 36

Name the 3 blood vessels?

Answer 36

Artery Vein Capillary

Question 37

Name the 3 layers of tissue in the walls of an artery?

Answer 37

Squamous epithelial cells(lining) Elastic fibres and smooth muscle(middle) Fibrous layer

Question 38

What joins the arteries to the capillaries?

Answer 38

Arterioles

Question 39

List the properties of capillaries ?

Answer 39

``` 1 cell thick Numerous Small in diameter Semi permeable Huge surface area. ```

Question 40

How does water flow between the capillary and the tissue fluid?

Answer 40

Osmosis - pressure in the venule end is lower than osmotic pressure exerted by plasma proteins in the capillary so water move back into the capillary.

Question 41

Where does blood go after passing through the capillary bed?

Answer 41

Returns to heart- venules connect to veins

Question 42

List the properties of veins?

Answer 42

Less elastic than arteries Larger lumen reduce resistance to flow Semi luner valves- prevent back flow