Circulatory System

Question 1

open transport system

Answer 1

blood bathes the cells directly (not contained in blood vessels)

Question 2

closed transport system

Answer 2

blood is pumped around the body within a network of vessels
large vessels collect blood for pumping, smaller vessels distribute blood throughout the body and tiny capillaries provide the surface for exchange of materials

Question 3

types of closed transport systems

Answer 3

annelids, fish, amphibians, birds and mammals

Question 4

annelids

Answer 4

simplest closed system

two main blood vessels are connected by a series of five pairs of heart-like pumps called aortic arches

Question 5

fish

Answer 5

heart has two main chambers and two lesser cavities organized in a row
blood flows through the heart > gills > body > heart
only flows through the heart once (single circulation)

Question 6

amphibians

Answer 6

three-chambered heart
blood is pumped from heart > lungs > heart > body
having a single ventricle causes oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to mix
called incomplete, double circulation

Question 7

birds and mammals

Answer 7

need a very efficient heart to support the high metabolic rate, constant body temperature, and high level of activity
four chambered heart
oxygenate and deoxygenated blood are kept separate
blood pressure is maximized to force blood through the capillaries quickly
blood flows from heart > lungs > heart > body
called complete, double circulation

Question 8

three subdivisions of the circulatory system

Answer 8

systemic, pulmonary, cardiac

Question 9

systemic

Answer 9

path taken by blood as it flows from the heart to the rest of the body and back (all cells except heart and lungs)

Question 10

pulmonary

Answer 10

path of blood from heart to lungs and back

Question 11

cardiac

Answer 11

route taken by blood within the heart

Question 12

three main elements of circulatory system

Answer 12

transport vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries), transport medium (blood), pumping mechanism (heart)

Question 13

three layers of artery

Answer 13

outer layer (connective tissue), middle layer (thickest, elastic fibres and smooth muscle), inner layer (single cell thick, consists of smooth epithelial cells)

Question 14

blood consists of two elements:

Answer 14

plasma and cells

Question 15

plasma

Answer 15

where blood cells are suspended
55%
straw colored fluid (92% water)
contains:
     i) dissolved inorganic ions
    ii) vitamins, minerals, hormones, organic nutrients
   iii) protein molecules

Question 16

red blood cells

Answer 16

erythrocytes
44% 
specialized for oxygen transport
biconcave disk shape, no nucleus
hemoglobin

Question 17

white blood cells

Answer 17

leucocytes
1%
numbers increase when you are fighting infection
protect body from disease-causing agents
have nuclei and appear colourless

Question 18

types of white blood cells

Answer 18

macrophages - can pass through the walls of capillaries to engulf and digest pathogens
lymphocytes - allows the body to recognize and fight off pathogens; play a role in the formation of antibodies

Question 19

platelets

Answer 19

fragments of cells when larger cells in bone marrow broke apart (are NOT cells)
no nucleus
break down quickly in blood
important in blood clotting

Question 20

factors that cause vasodilation/vasoconstriction

Answer 20

regulate blood pressure, increase in activity and metabolic requirements, helps body conserve or eliminate heart
alcohol and nicotine promote vasodilation

Question 21

pericardium

Answer 21

sac that covers heart

contains fluid that reduces friction as the heart beats

Question 22

septum

Answer 22

muscular wall the prevents the mixing of blood from the two sides of the heart

Question 23

atrium

Answer 23

thin walled chamber that pumps blood to the ventricles

Question 24

ventricle

Answer 24

thick walled chamber that pumps blood to the body

Question 25

atrioventricular valves

Answer 25

separate the atria from the ventricles

Question 26

tricuspid

Answer 26

separates the right atrium from the right ventricle | has 3 flaps of tissue

Question 27

bicuspid

Answer 27

separates the left atrium from the left ventricle | has 2 flaps of tissue

Question 28

semi-lunar valves

Answer 28

valves between the ventricles and the arteries (aortic and pulmonary)

Question 29

chordae tendinae

Answer 29

strong fibrous chords on the AV node | prevent the AV valves from inverting into the atria when the ventricles contract

Question 30

arteriosclerosis

Answer 30

general term for several conditions in which the walls of arteries thicken and lose their elasticity

Question 31

angioplasty

Answer 31

a surgical procedure used to open up a clogged artery

Question 32

coronary bypass

Answer 32

a surgical procedure in which blood flow is re-routed around blocked arteries

Question 33

aneurysm

Answer 33

a bulge in an artery or heart chamber caused by a weakened area of the heart muscle or arterial wall

Question 34

arrhythmia

Answer 34

an irregularity in the speed or rhythm of the heartbeat

Question 35

pacemaker

Answer 35

a device that sends electrical impulses that control the rate of the heartbeat

Question 36

congenital heart deflect

Answer 36

a heart deflect that is present from birth

Question 37

ischemic stroke

Answer 37

a stroke caused by a clot in a blood vessel, blocking blood flow to the brain

Question 38

hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 38

a stroke caused by the bursting of a blood vessel in the brain, which causes blood to leak into the surrounding brain tissue

Question 39

hemophilia

Answer 39

an inherited disorder in which the blood does not clot normally

Question 40

leukemia

Answer 40

cancer of the white blood cells

Question 41

xenotranspant

Answer 41

a transplant of tissues and organs from one species to another

Question 42

nanotechnology

Answer 42

technology that uses microscopic structures on the scale of molecules

Question 43

sinoatrial (SA) node

Answer 43

the modified heart cells in the right atrium that spontaneously generate the rhythmic signals that cause the atria to contract

Question 44

atrioventricular (AV) node

Answer 44

the specialized heart cells near the junction of the atria and ventricles that cause the ventricles to contract

Question 45

electrocardiogram (ECG)

Answer 45

a record of the electrical impulses generated by a beating heart

Question 46

blood pressure

Answer 46

the force that blood exerts against the walls of blood vessels

Question 47

systolic pressure

Answer 47

the pressure generated in the circulatory system when the ventricles contract and push blood from the heart

Question 48

diastolic pressure

Answer 48

the pressure generated in the circulatory system when then ventricles fill with blood

Question 49

sphygmomanometer

Answer 49

medical device used to measure blood pressure

Question 50

Arteries

Answer 50

Carry blood away from the heart at high pressure

Question 51

Veins

Answer 51

Carry blood towards the heart at a lower pressure | Contain one way valves

Question 52

circulatory system functions

Answer 52

delivering nutrients and oxygen to cells removing waste products of cellular processes serving as a pathway from one part of the body to another for disease-fighting agents, hormones, and other chemical messengers controlling body temperature in warm-blooded animals

Question 53

lub-dub sound

Answer 53

lub - closing of atrioventricular (AV) valves as blood is pumped to the ventricles dub - closing of semilunar valves as blood is pumped from the ventricles into the arteries