Evolution

Question 1

evolution

Answer 1

the process of genetic change in a population over time due to interaction with biotic and abiotic environmental factors

Question 2

jean baptiste lamarck

Answer 2

early 1800s

inheritance of acquired characteristics

Question 3

inheritance of acquired characteristics

Answer 3

by using or not using its body parts, an individual tends to develop certain characteristics, which it passes on to offspring

Question 4

two main points in “On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection”

Answer 4

species were not created in their present form, but evolved from ancestral species
proposed a mechanism for evolution: natural selection

Question 5

natural selection

Answer 5

individuals with favorable traits are more likely to leave more offspring better suited for their environment

Question 6

darwin’s 5 points

Answer 6

population has variations
some variations are favorable
more offspring are produced than survive
those that survive have favorable traits
a population will change over time

Question 7

artificial selection

Answer 7

the selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals by man

Question 8

evidence for evolution

Answer 8

fossil record, biogeography, comparative anatomy, comparative embryology, molecular biology

Question 9

fossil record

Answer 9

fossils and the order in which they appear in layers of sedimentary rock

Question 10

transitional fossils

Answer 10

a fossil that shows the intermediary links between two groups of organisms with slight different features

Question 11

biogeography

Answer 11

study of the geographical distribution of extinct and modern species

Question 12

endemic

Answer 12

naturally found only in a particular location

Question 13

comparative anatomy

Answer 13

structures that are similar because of common ancestry

Question 14

homologous structures

Answer 14

structures that have similar structural elements and origin but may have a different function

Question 15

analogous structures

Answer 15

structures of organisms that do not have a common evolutionary origin but perform similar functions

Question 16

vestigial structures

Answer 16

remnants of structures that may have had important functions in ancestral species but have no clear function in some modern descendants

Question 17

comparative embryology

Answer 17

study of structures that appear during embryonic development

Question 18

molecular biology

Answer 18

DNA and proteins (amino acids)

Question 19

macroevolution

Answer 19

examines the change of organisms over long periods of time

examines formation of new species

Question 20

microevolution

Answer 20

examines the little changes that occur over shorter periods of time
includes mutations, gene pools, sexual selection

Question 21

gene pool

Answer 21

the total amount of unique alleles in a population

Question 22

mechanisms of microevolution

Answer 22

natural selection
sexual selection
artificial selection
genetic drift
gene flow

Question 23

natural selection in microevolution

Answer 23

the environment increases the frequency of alleles which provide a reproductive advantage to individuals
the environment will place a selective pressure to certain phenotypes

Question 24

different types of selective pressures

Answer 24

stabilizing, directional, disruptive

Question 25

stabilizing selection

Answer 25

occurs when individuals near the centre of the phenotype range have a higher fitness that individuals at either end ex. medium sized mice vs. fat and skinny mice

Question 26

directional selection

Answer 26

occurs when individuals at one end of the phenotypic range have higher fitness than individuals at the opposite end of the phenotypic range ex. pesticide resistance and body size of horses

Question 27

disruptive selection

Answer 27

occurs when individuals in the upper and lower end ranges of the phenotypic spectrum have higher fitness than individuals in the middle ex. african swallowtail butterfly mimics undesirable prey

Question 28

sexual selection

Answer 28

a form of natural selection in which certain individuals with certain traits are more likely to reproduce

Question 29

artificial selection

Answer 29

the intentional selection of favourable traits by breeding specific organisms together

Question 30

genetic drift

Answer 30

a change to the gene pool of a population due to chance

Question 31

bottlenose effect

Answer 31

when a disaster or human intervention occurs which drastically reduces the population end result of a reduction in genetic variability and different gene pool frequencies

Question 32

founder effect

Answer 32

when a few individuals colonize an isolated island, lake, or some new habitat

Question 33

gene flow

Answer 33

the exchange of genes with another population usually due to migration

Question 34

species

Answer 34

a population or group of populations whose members have the ability to breed with one another in nature and produce fertile offspring

Question 35

speciation

Answer 35

production of a new species

Question 36

reproductive isolation

Answer 36

when two species can no longer breed with one another

Question 37

reproductive barriers

Answer 37

barriers that exist preventing species from breeding with one another

Question 38

pre-zygotic barriers

Answer 38

temporal isolation - breeding occurs at different times for different species habitat isolation - species breed in different habitats behavioral isolation - different species use different courtship and other mating cues mechanical isolation - structural differences genetic isolation - gametes fail to unite

Question 39

post-zygotic barriers

Answer 39

hybrid inviability - hybrid zygotes fail to develop or fail to reach maturity hybrid sterility - hybrid fails to produce functional gametes hybrid breakdown - offspring of hybrids are weak or infertile

Question 40

modes of speciation

Answer 40

allopatric speciation - when the ancestral population becomes separated by a geographical barrier/isolation sympatic speciation - result of a radical change in the genome that produces a reproductively isolated population within the parent population

Question 41

divergent evolution

Answer 41

the process by which an ancestral species gives rise to a number of 2 or more new species that are adapted to different environmental conditions and become very dissimilar

Question 42

adaptive radiation

Answer 42

emergence of numerous species from a common ancestor introduced to new and diverse environments

Question 43

convergent evolution

Answer 43

species from different evolutionary branches may come to resemble one another if they live in very similar environments

Question 44

co-evolution

Answer 44

one species evolves in response to the evolutionary changes of another species