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A & P > circulatory system > Flashcards

circulatory system Flashcards

1
Q

What type of tissue is blood

A

fluid connective tissue

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2
Q

What type of matrix is plasma

A

non-living fluid matrix

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3
Q

Formed elements in blood

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets

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4
Q

Composition of blood

A

55% plasma, 45% formed elements

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5
Q

Buffy coat includes

A

leukocytes and platelets, 1%< of whole blood

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6
Q

Composition of plasma

A

7% proteins (albumins, globulin, fibrinogen) 91% water, 2%other solutes (ions, nutrients, waste products, gases)

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7
Q

Functions of blood

A

distributing substances, regulation of blood levels of substances, protection

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8
Q

Distribution functions include

A

delivering O2 and nutrients, transporting metabolic wastes to lungs and kidsneys, transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target organs

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9
Q

Regulation functions include

A

body temp, normal pH, adequate fluid volume

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10
Q

Protection functions include

A

preventing blood loss, preventing infection

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11
Q

lymphocytes

A

white blood cells

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12
Q

Lymphocytes lifespan

A

years

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13
Q

the process of producing blood cells

A

hemopoiesis

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14
Q

where is blood formed

A

in bone marow

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15
Q

which cells differentiate into other types of cells

A

pluripotent stem cells

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16
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

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17
Q

red blood cells carry

A

hemoglobin

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18
Q

hemoglobin carries

A

oxygen and 23% of total carbon dioxide to lungs

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19
Q

Each hemoglobin molecule contains an ….. ion which allows each molecule to bind #….. molecules

A

iron, 4 oxygen

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20
Q

what shape are red blood cells

A

Biconcave discs

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21
Q

Red blood cells have no

A

organelles or nucleus

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22
Q

Each hemoglobin molecule contains # subunits each with a heme unit

A

4

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23
Q

carbonic anhydrase

A

found in red blood cells, catalyzes the converstion of CO2 and water to carbonic acid.

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24
Q

Red blood cell lifespan

A

100-120 days

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25
Q

where do red blood cells go to die

A

liver and spleen

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26
Q

after death of red blood cell, which molecules can be reused

A

iron and globin

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27
Q

since iron is toxic in the blood, how does it travel?

A

transferrin

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28
Q

heme is broken down into two molecules

A

iron and biliverdin

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29
Q

erythropoiesis

A

production of red blood cells.

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30
Q

reticulocytes

A

immature red blood cells that enter the circulation and mature in 1 to 2 days.

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31
Q

Erythropoietin

A

a hormone released by the kidneys in responsed to hypoxia (lowered oxygen concentrate)- stimulates differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells into erythroytes

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32
Q

White blood cells V red blood cells

A

white blood cells have nucleus but no hemoglobin, red blood cells have no nucleus but yes hemoglobin.

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33
Q

granular leukocytes

A

containing vesicles that appear when the cells are stained

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34
Q

agranular leukocytes

A

containing no granules

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35
Q

types of granular leukocytes

A

basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils BEN

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36
Q

types of agranular leukocytes

A

lymphocytes (t&b cells) monocytes (macrophages)

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37
Q

main function of white blood cells

A

combat invading microbes

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38
Q

Emigration

A

the process of white blood cells leaving the bloodstream and collect at sites of invasion

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39
Q

diapedesis

A

the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation.

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40
Q

when leukocytes stick to the side of blood vessles

A

margination

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41
Q

high neutrophils

A

bacterial infection, burns, stress, inflammation

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42
Q

high lymphocytes

A

viral infection, some leukemia, infections mononucleosis

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43
Q

high monocytes

A

viral or fungal infections, tuberculosis, some leukemia, other chronic diseases, food allergy

44
Q

high eosinophils

A

allergic reaction, parasitic infections, autoimmune disease

45
Q

high basophils

A

allergic reaction, leukemias, cancers, hypothyroidsm

46
Q

platelets are used to

A

clot the blood

47
Q

under the influence of thrombopoietin, stem cells differentiate into

A

platelets

48
Q

BLANK in red bone marrow splinter into 2000-300 fragments to create platelets.

A

Megakaryocytes

49
Q

platelet lifespan

A

5 to 9 days

50
Q

Aplastic Anemia

A

trouble making red blood cells

51
Q

where is bone marrow usually collected

A

iliac crest of the hip

52
Q

Hemostasis

A

stop bleeding

53
Q

Hemostasis involves

A

vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting/coagulation.

54
Q

chemotaxis

A

hormone/chemicals that trigger platelets to come to the site of injury

55
Q

Fibrin threads are the

A

“scalfoding for blood repair”

56
Q

blood clotting involves several factors divided into 3 stages

A

extrinsic pathway, intrisic pathway, common pathway

57
Q

extrinsic pathway

A

source of damage is outside the blood vessel

58
Q

intrinsic pathway

A

source of damage is in the blood vessle itself

59
Q

common pathway line up

A

prothrobin –> thrombin –>fibrinogen —>fibrin= clotting mesh

60
Q

vitamin K in clotting

A

does not clot directly but is used in the synthesis of 4 clotting factors.

61
Q

small unwanted clots are usually dissolved by

A

plasmin or fibrinolysin

62
Q

Blood is characterized into different blood groups based on the presence or absence of

A

glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens/agglutinogens on the surface of red blood cells

63
Q

How many blood groups? and antigens?

A

24, over 100

64
Q

what are the two type of antigens that go against antibodies

A

A and B

65
Q

agglutinins also called

A

antibodies

66
Q

What type of antibodies does antigen type A have

A

anti-B antibodies

67
Q

what type of antibodies does antigen type B have

A

anti-A antibodies

68
Q

What type of antibodies does antigen AB have

A

no antibody

69
Q

what type of antibodies does O blood have

A

both A and B antibodies

70
Q

Universal donor

A

O

71
Q

Universal recepient

A

AB

72
Q

agglutinogen also called

A

antogen

73
Q

Hemolytic disease of the Newborn

A

when small amounts of RH+ fetal blood leak into an RH- mother and she creates antibodies for RH+ blood and her next child is Rh+: causes agglutination and hemolysis

74
Q

SIckle Cell Disease

A

Genetic anemia- oxygen-carrying capacity ofthe blood is reduced - create a sickle shape when it gives up oxygen to the interstitial fluid

75
Q

What gives red blood cells its color

A

Heme

76
Q

Each hemoglobin molecule can transport # oxygen molecules

A

4

77
Q

Each RBC contains # HB molecules

A

250 million

78
Q

Hemoglobin consists of

A

globin (two alpha and two beta polypeptide chains) and 4 heme groups

79
Q

O2 loading in lungs produces

A

oxyhemoglobin (ruby red)

80
Q

O2 loading in tissues produces

A

deoxyhemoglobin- reduced hemoglobin (dark red)

81
Q

Blood cell formation in bone marrow usually occurs in

A

axial skeleton, girdles and proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur

82
Q

Hematopoeitic stem cells

A

hemocytoblasts

83
Q

stages of blood development

A

Myeloid stem cell–> proerythroblast–(15 days–> reticulocytes (loss of nucleus)

84
Q

reticulocyte count indicates

A

rate of RBC formation

85
Q

hypoxia

A

lack of oxygen

86
Q

too few red blood cells leads to

A

hypoxia

87
Q

balance between RBC production and destruction depends on

A

hormone controls, adequate supplies of iron, amino acids and B vitamins

88
Q

Hormonal stimulis of erythropoiesis

A

erythopoietin

89
Q

which organ releases erythropoietin in response to low O2/hypoxia

A

kidneys

90
Q

what male hormone enhances EPO production

A

testosterone

91
Q

Dietary requirements for erythropoiesis

A

nutrients: amino acids, lipids and carbs, iron and vitamin b12 and folic acid

92
Q

during destruction of erythrocytes, heme is degraded to yellow pigment called

A

bilirubin

93
Q

during destruction of erythrocutes, globin is metabolized into

A

amino acids

94
Q

Bilirubin leaving the body in feces

A

stercobilin

95
Q

3 types of anemia

A

hemorrhagic, aplastic, hemolytic

96
Q

anemia type:Hemorrhagic anemia

A

Blood loss

97
Q

anemia type: aplastic

A

low RBC production

98
Q

anemia type: hemolytic

A

High RBC destruction

99
Q

iron-deficiency anemia causes

A

caused by hemorrhagic anemia, low iron uptake or impaired absorption

100
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

aplastic anemia: caused by autoimmune disease, destroys stomach mucosa and lack of intrinsic factor neded to absorb B12- also caused by vegan/vegetarian diets

101
Q

Renal anemia

A

aplastic anemia: lack of EPO, often accompanies renal disease

102
Q

Aplastic anemia

A

destruction or inhibition of red marrow,

103
Q

pluripotent stem cell

A

the cell that can go into many different directions

104
Q

myloid stem cell path

A

make up most of your blood cells

105
Q

lymphoid stem cell path

A

T and B lymphocytes cells for your immune system: part of your adaptive immune system- responds to specifics

106
Q

monocytes can further differentiate into

A

macrophages

107
Q

lymphoid stem cells differentiate into

A

plasma

A & P (12 decks)

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