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Biology 30S > Circulatory System Extended (Blood) > Flashcards

Circulatory System Extended (Blood) Flashcards

1
Q

What is cardiac output, and what does it indicate?

A
  • amount of blood pumped by the heart (mL/min)

- indicates level of oxygen delivered to the body

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2
Q

What is a heart rate?

A

Number of heartbeats per minute

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3
Q

What is stroke volume?

A
  • Amount of blood forced out with each heartbeat

- how readily the heart fills and empties basically

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4
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output?

A

Heart rate x stroke volume

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5
Q

What is the average cardiac output?

A
  • 4900 mL/min

70bpm) x (70mL/beat

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6
Q

What do fitter people have in terms of cardiac output?

A
  • lower resting heart rates and higher stroke volume to maintain an average cardiac output
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7
Q

Why does cardiovascular activity help the heart?

A
  • regular cardiovascular activity strengthens and enlarged ventricles, making the heart more efficient
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8
Q

What is maximum heart rate?

A
  • highest heart rate attained during all-out physical effort

- decreases with age

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9
Q

After exercise, what do fitter people have?

A
  • they have a shorter recovery time

- meaning shorter time to regain a resting heart rate after physical activity

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10
Q

What type of tissue is blood? why?

A
  • connective tissue because it essentially links all body parts, cells, organs, etc.
  • also a fluid tissue (plasma)
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11
Q

What is plasma, and what percentage does it make up in the blood?

A
  • fluid portion of blood

- 55% of blood volume

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12
Q

What is the solid portion of blood? What percentage does each type take up in the blood? where are they formed?

A

Formed portion is cells and takes up 45% of blood volume

  • 44% RBC
  • 1% white blood cells and platelets
  • solid portion is produced in bone marrow in bones
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13
Q

What are red blood cells also called, and what shape do they have? How many of them generally?

A
  • erythrocytes
    Biconcave disc-shaped
  • most numerous of blood cells
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14
Q

What are red blood cells specialized for? How much can it carry?

A
  • specialized for oxygen transport
  • capacity depends on number of RBCs and amount of haemoglobin (protein) in each RBC
    Note: (The more hemoglobin and blood cells, the more a persons blood can carry oxygen)
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15
Q

What does hemoglobin contain?

A
  • iron

- it’s an iron-containing respiratory pigment

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16
Q

How do red blood cells transport oxygen?

A
  • hemoglobin chemically binds oxygen to transport it (oxyhemoglobin)
  • releases oxygen by diffusion to body
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17
Q

What else can hemoglobin carry? And why do they have so much room?

A
  • can carry some CO2 waste (and H+)

- RBC have no nucleus for more room (for oxygen)

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18
Q

What happens if a person has too few red blood cells or too little hemoglobin?

A
  • results in anemia

- symptoms include paleness, fatigue

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19
Q

What are white blood cells also called?

A
  • leucocytes
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20
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A
  • part of body‘s response to infection
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21
Q

Generally how many white blood cells in the body? and what structure do they have?

A
  • amount of white blood cells can double when body is infected
  • have nuclei and appear colourless
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22
Q

What are the three types of white blood cells?

A

Granulocytes, monocytes. Lymphocytes

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23
Q

What do granulocytes and monocytes do?

A
  • engulf and destroy foreign bodies in the blood (phagocytosis)
  • monocytes can specialize to become macrophages that engulf bacteria by phagocytosis and destroy them
    —> can leave bloodstream when necessary
24
Q

How do macrophages move?

A
  • move by amoeboid movement (unicellular I believe)
25
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A
  • produce antibodies (marker proteins)

- Allows for pathogen detection and destruction

26
Q

What are platelets? what dont they have?

A
  • cell fragments released from bone marrow

- no nuclei

27
Q

What do platelets do?

A
  • Play a key role in clotting blood

- prevents excessive blood loss after injury

28
Q

How do you platelets work to prevent blood loss?

A
  1. Platelets collect at injury site and rupture, releasing chemicals that combine with other components to produce enzyme thromboplastin
  2. A cascade of enzyme-catalyzed reactions leads to production of fibrin, proteins forming a mesh that blocks blood loss
  3. A clot is then formed as blood cells are trapped
29
Q

What is suspended in plasma?

A
  • blood cells are suspended in this liquid for flow
30
Q

What does plasma contain?

A
  • water plus dissolved gases, proteins, sugars, vitamins, minerals, hormones, and wastes
31
Q

What does plasma play a role in? And how?

A
  • carbon dioxide transport
    1. CO2 dissolves in water, forming carbonic acid in cytoplasm of RBCs
    2. H2CO3 diffuses out of RBCs into plasma as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
    3. CO2 carried to lungs by blood for gas exchange
32
Q

What are the two functions of the blood?

A

Transport and regulation

33
Q

How does blood aid in transport generally?

A
  • pathway for distributing materials and energy
34
Q

How does blood play a role in the digestive system? Add some absorption too

A
  • blood absorbs nutrients from the small intestine (capillaries of the villi)
  • ## absorbs other materials made in body cells, such as glucose, amino acids
35
Q

How does blood aid in the respiratory system?

A
  • transports chemicals and gases to and from respiratory system
  • For example, oxygen to body cells
36
Q

How does blood aid in the excretory system in regards to transportation?

A
  • blood carries wastes from body cells to kidney for filtering and excretion
  • for example, uric acid, mineral ions
37
Q

How does blood aid in the endocrine system in terms of transportation?

A
  • Chemical messengers transported from production sites to target cells through blood
38
Q

Why is blood called a connective tissue?

A
  • It connects many cells together and systems together
39
Q

What is homeostatic regulation?

A
  • The body attempts to maintain relatively constant interior environmental conditions
  • Blood plays an important role
40
Q

How does blood play a role in homeostatic regulation of temperature?

A
  • blood transports heat
  • blood taken closer to the skin surface lets off heat
  • blood retained in the body’s interior conserves heat
  • Greater heat gradient equals more heat loss
41
Q

What is the heat gradient? Own definition

A

Difference in temperature between skin and external environment

42
Q

What is vasodilation and what happens in it?

A
  • expansion of blood vessel diameter

- exterior blood vessels dilate to let in more blood in order to let heat dissipate (disappear)

43
Q

What is vasoconstriction and how does it occur?

A
  • decrease in blood vessel diameter

- Exterior blood vessels constrict to keep blood and warmth in the body’s core

44
Q

What does Vaso refer to?

A

Blood vessels

45
Q

How does vasodilation and vasoconstriction affect blood pressure?

A
  • vasodilation lowers blood pressure

- vasoconstriction increases bp

46
Q

Does exercise prompt vasodilation or basal constriction and why?

A
  • vasodilation in order to increase blood supply to tissues that need it (and let off excessive heat)
47
Q

What substances promote vasodilation?

A
  • alcohol and nicotine when the body does not necessarily need it
    Ex. Drunk people will get colder on a winter night
48
Q

What does the countercurrent heat exchange system do?

A
  • maintain steady body temperature

Conserve or give off (cool down) heat when necessary

49
Q

How does the countercurrent heat exchange system work?

A
  • warm blood from the core exchanges heat with cooler blood returning to core to conserve heat and maintain temperature of core
  • blood can travel through a surface vein to expel excessive heat (has an option)
50
Q

How do you capillaries/capillary beds play a role in circulation?

A
  • capillary beds fill the body between artery and vein branches
  • blood passes through capillaries when the blood is needed
  • Otherwise, it can pass through an arteriovenous shunt to bypass the capillaries
51
Q

What do precapillary sphincters do?

A

Control blood flow into capillaries

52
Q

What blood pressure do capillaries have?

A

BP is in between that of arteries (highest) and veins (lowest)
- blood pressure decreases from arteries to capillaries to veins to ensure blood flow

53
Q

Why is blood flow the slowest in capillaries?

A

To allow for diffusion to occur

54
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A
  • fluid that surrounds all body cells

- also known as extracellular or tissue fluid

55
Q

What does interstitial fluid do?

A
  • nutrients and wastes must pass between blood and cells through this fluid
  • nutrients and oxygen diffuse down concentration gradient from blood to institutional fluid to cells
  • Wastes flow down concentration gradient from cells to interstitial fluid and blood

Biology 30S (14 decks)

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