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Biology 30S > Nervous System - Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System - Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A
  • structural and functional centre of the entire nervous system
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2
Q

What is the function of the central nervous system?

A
  • site of neural integration and processing

- Received information from senses, evaluates it, and initiates outgoing responses

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3
Q

What forms grey matter in the CNS?

A
  • mostly cell bodies, dendrites, and short, unmyelinated axons
  • outside areas of brain and H-shaped core of spinal cord
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4
Q

What forms white matter in the CNS?

A
  • myelinated axons that run in tracts

- Found in in outer region of a certain brain areas and outer region of spinal cord

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5
Q

What is the structure of the spinal cord?

A
  • column of nerve tissue extending from brain through the canal in back bone
  • has grey and white matter
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6
Q

What does the spinal cord do?

A
  • Communicate between brain and PNS
  • primary reflex center (quick decisions)
  • > coordinates reflexes
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7
Q

What are the two nerves found in the spinal cord, and what do they do?

A

Sensory nerves carry information from the body to the brain

Motor nerves carry information from the brain to effectors

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8
Q

What is the spinal cord protected by?

A
  • protected by cerebrospinal fluid (see handout), soft tissue, and spinal column (series of backbones or vertebrae)
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9
Q

What is the function of the brain?

A
  • center for intelligence, consciousness, and emotion
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10
Q

What is the structure of the brain?

A
  • fragile, gelatin-like material that is protected by bony skull
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11
Q

What do the meninges do? What is their structure?

A
  • Enclose brain and spinal cord
  • made up of three layers: dura mater, arachnoid mater, Pia mater (handout)
  • these protect the CNS
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12
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier?

A
  • Blood capillaries that lead to the brain have tightly fused epithelial cells that block toxins and infectious agents from entering the brain
  • special transport mechanisms allow certain helpful substances in
  • some lipid-soluble substances can diffuse through the cell membrane and get into the brain
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13
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid, and what or some facts about it?

A
  • produced in ventricles of brain and transports hormones, white blood cells, and nutrients across the blood-brain barrier
  • replaced about four times a day
  • Returned to blood after circulation
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14
Q

What is the structure of the cerebrum?

A
  • cerebral cortex, corpus callosum
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15
Q

What do the cerebral hemispheres generally tell about a person?

A

Right side - holistic, intuitive, artistic thinking

Left side - Segmental, sequential, logical, Linguistic, mathematical thinking

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16
Q

What are the four pairs of functional lobes?

A

Occipital, Temporal, parietal, frontal

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17
Q

What do the occipital lobes do?

A
  • receive and analyze visual information
18
Q

What do the temporal lobes do?

A
  • share in visual processing
  • main function is auditory reception
  • also understanding speech, retrieving visual/verbal memories
  • Wernicke’s area is in charge of sensory speech on the left side of the brain
19
Q

What do the parietal lobes do?

A
  • receive and process sensory information from skin

- process information about position/orientation (6th sense)

20
Q

What do the frontal lobes do?

A
  • integrate information from other brain parts
  • Control reasoning, critical thinking, memory, personality
    Motor speech: Broca’s area (speech areas on left side), and muscle movement
21
Q

What are other parts of the brain? (6)

A
  • cerebellum
  • medulla oblongata
  • pons
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • Pineal gland
22
Q

What can neurosurgeons do about mapping brain functions?

A
  • neurosurgeons can probe brain while a person is conscious and associate areas stimulated with certain sensations and body movements
23
Q

What is PET?

A
  • Positron-emission tomography
  • Injection of radioactivity-labelled glucose allows tracking of what brain parts are active due to higher energy demands
24
Q

What is MRI

A
  • magnetic resonance imaging

- Changes in magnetic field induce hydrogen atoms to omit radio signals that can be detected and displayed

25
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A
  • nerves that link the CNS to the rest of the body, including senses, muscles, glands, and internal organs
26
Q

What is the structure of the peripheral nervous system? (4)

A
  • nerves
  • sensory neurons
  • motor neurons
  • somatic and autonomic systems
27
Q

What are ganglia?

A
  • Collections of nerve cell bodies
28
Q

What is the somatic system function?

A
  • Neurons service head, trunk, limbs
  • sensory neurons carry information about external environment inward
  • Motor neurons carry information to skeletal muscles
29
Q

What is the somatic system structure?

A
  • 12 pairs of cranial nerves that service the head, neck, face while vagus nerve to internal organs
  • Cranial nerves vary in composition
  • 31 pairs of spinal nerves that serve area of the body where they attach to the spinal cord
  • all nerves are myelinated
30
Q

What do humans have in terms of control of the somatic system?

A
  • largely under voluntary control with some reflexes
31
Q

What is special about each spinal nerve in the somatic system?

A

Each spinal nerve is a mixed nerve (that allows for incoming sensory and outgoing motor information)

32
Q

What is the function of the autonomic system of the PNS?

A
  • nerves stimulate or inhibit the glands or smooth or cardiac muscle
  • Maintains homeostasis by adjusting body to variations in internal/external environment
33
Q

What controls the autonomic system?

A

Hypothalamus and medulla oblongata

34
Q

What do humans have in terms of control of the autonomic system?

A

Under in voluntary control

35
Q

What type of neurons are in the autonomic system?

A

Neurons are bundled with somatic system neurons in cranial and spinal nerves

36
Q

What do the sympathetic and parasympathetic division of the autonomic system do?

A

They carry information to effectors and generally have opposing functions

37
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system of the autonomic system of the PNS activated by?

A

Activated in stressful situations and initiates fight or flight response

38
Q

How does the flight or flight response work in the sympathetic nervous system?

A
  1. Sympathetic neurons released neurotransmitter called norepinephrine which has an excitatory effect on target muscles
  2. Trigger adrenal glands to release norepinephrine and epinephrine which activate the stress response
  3. Inhibits certain areas of the body for stress response such as digestion, urination and reproduction
39
Q

How is the parasympathetic nervous system of ANS OF PNS activated?

A
  • activated when the body is calm and rest
  • acts to restore and concerns energy
  • rest and digest response
40
Q

How does rest and digest response of parasympathetic system work?

A
  1. Slow heart rate, reduce blood pressure, promotes digestion of food, and stimulates reproductive organs by dilating blood vessels to genitals
    - pretty much opposite of sympathetic system
    - Uses acetylcholine as its neurotransmitter, while sympathetic nervous system muses norepinephrine
41
Q

What do the sympathetic and parasympathetic system do in terms of autonomic control to maintain homeostasis?

A

They will oppose each other at any given instant to maintain homeostasis

42
Q

What do stimulant drugs do to sympathetic system? How about depressants of parasympathetic system?

A
  • Causes the sympathetic system to increase heart rate and blood pressure while depressant drugs because parasympathetic system to have opposite effects

Biology 30S (14 decks)

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