Clasp

Question 1

What cancers can obesity contribute to ?

Answer 1

Endometrial
Stomach
Oesophageal
Colorectal

Question 2

What cancers can an increased salt intake cause?

Answer 2

Gastric cancer

Question 3

What types of cancer can eating red meat cause

Answer 3

Bowel

Stomach

Question 4

What are some of the factors that can influence onset of endometrial cancer

Answer 4

Age of first pregnancy
Lower weight in later life
Post weaning breast re-modelling
Breast feeding

Question 5

What cancers can eating high portions of fruit and veg prevent?

Answer 5

Lung cancer

Bowel cancer

Question 6

What vitamin can decrease chances of lung cancer? What is the caviate?

Answer 6

Vitamin A; carotenoid intake decreases lung cancer

Good at a specific range, high doses can promote cancer

Question 7

What can an increase in milk, cheese and yogurt reduce your risk of?

Answer 7

Colorectal cancer

Question 8

What is an increased intake of alcohol associated with? What cancers?

Answer 8

Oesophageal 
Gastric 
Oral 
Breast
Liver
Bowel

Question 9

What chemical in coffee and toast is a potential carcinogen?

Answer 9

Acrylamide

Question 10

Epithelium3D.com

Answer 10

Use for histology

Question 11

Man presents with an epithelial malignancy, this would be known as a what?

Answer 11

Carcinoma

Question 12

What common cancers do children get?

Answer 12

Blood, brain and bone

Question 13

Where does a metastasis in the testicles go? What nodes?

Answer 13

Para-aortic nodes

Question 14

Where does metastasis from the lung go?

Answer 14

Bone, brain, adrenal and liver

Question 15

Man presents with a rhabdomyoma, what does he have?

Answer 15

Benign tumour of the skeletal muscle

Question 16

Man presents with a liposarcoma, what does he have?

Answer 16

A malignancy of fat

Question 17

Man presents with an osteosarcoma. What does he have?

Answer 17

Bone metastasis

Question 18

Man presents with chondrosarcoma, what does he have?

Answer 18

Metastasis of the cartilage

Question 19

What is ewings sarcoma

Answer 19

Cancer found in bone or soft tissue, comonly in pelvis, femur, humerus, ribs and clavicle

Question 20

Man presents with a spindle cell appearance in a histology slide of the smooth muscle. Diagnosis?

Answer 20

Leiosarcoma

Malignancy of the smooth muscle

Question 21

Man presents with night sweats, weight loss and lymph nodes inflammed. Diagnosis

Answer 21

TB

Question 22

What is a melanoma?

Answer 22

A malignancy of the melanocytes in the skin

Question 23

What is a glioma?

Answer 23

Brain tumour

Question 24

Brain tumours can metastasis to other areas, true or false

Answer 24

Largely false

Maybe metastatsis down spinal cord
MAINLY if tumours in brain more likely metastasis from other area

Question 25

What is prostatism?

Answer 25

Due to prostate being too big with symptoms of urinary hesitation, post micturition dribbling, difficulty in voiding

Question 26

What is PSA?

Answer 26

A biochemical marker for benign prostatic hyperplasia

Question 27

What are the four parameters to determine how good a test is?

Answer 27

Sensitivity (no. People with disease who are tested +) Specificity (no. People without disease tested -) Positive predicted value/ negative predicted value

Question 28

What is AFP a tumour marker for?

Answer 28

Germ cell tumours

Question 29

What does a raised ALK phosphate suggest (ALP)?

Answer 29

``` Cholestatic liver disease Bone issues (as osteoblasts produce ALP when making bone) Small intestinal lymphomas ```

Question 30

How can you classify a pleural effusion as an exudate?

Answer 30

By ratio of pleural fluid proteins: serum proteins being greater than 0.5 LDH greater than 2/3 upper limit Ratio of fluid LDH: serum LDH greater than 0.6

Question 31

What is the function of the parathyroid glands (PTH)?

Answer 31

Control serum levels of calcium (important as high calcium can prevent sodium reabsorption causing excretion of sodium and water= dehydration)

Question 32

What is radical treatment in context of oncology

Answer 32

Something with curative intent, to eradicate a tumour often with many treatment side effects.

Question 33

What is an adjuvant? In context of oncology

Answer 33

Something after surgery, aiming to reduce risk of recurrence e.g chemotherapy

Question 34

What is a neo-adjuvant? In context of oncology

Answer 34

Something treatment before surgery, to shrink a tumour before removal

Question 35

What is progression free survival

Answer 35

Time living with cancer that its not getting worse. Controlled with treatment.

Question 36

What is local control ? In context of oncology

Answer 36

Time without recurrence or progression at a specific tumour site

Question 37

What is brachytherapy ?

Answer 37

Implantation of radioactive source into a patient to treat cancer

Question 38

What are some of the side effects of chemotherapy ?

Answer 38

Alopecia, Mucocitis (mouth ulcers) Renal/ liver impairment

Question 39

What are some of the side effects of radiotherapy ?

Answer 39

Red skin Fatigue Diarrhoea/ dysphagia

Question 40

What is function of the drug herceptin (trazuzumab)

Answer 40

To block the growth receptors on cancer cells

Question 41

What types of cancers respond best to radiotherapy?

Answer 41

Squamous cancers better treated with radiotherapy

Question 42

What is one of the least tolerable tissues to radiotherapy?

Answer 42

Ovaries; 10- grays can result in permanent damage

Question 43

What are some common mechanisms for DNA damage?

Answer 43

DNA strand breaks UV or chemical crosslinking e.g xeroderma pigmentosa Mismatched base

Question 44

What ket characteristic enables cancer cells to evolve?

Answer 44

Genomic instability.

Question 45

What is the significance of the MLH1 protein?

Answer 45

It is invovled in mismatch repair of DNA

Question 46

Where do pulmonary metastasis usually present in the lung fields?

Answer 46

Usually basal as that is where the vasculature is

Question 47

What hormone production is related with small cell ung cancer

Answer 47

ADH

Question 48

What hormone production is related with squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 48

PTHrP

Question 49

What are some common viruses that cause cancer

Answer 49

HPV, EBV, polyomavirus, HHV-8

Question 50

What is plummer vinson syndrome?

Answer 50

Associated with oesophageal squamous cancer Presents with dysphagia, anaemia and oesophageal webs