Class 1 & 2 Flashcards by A B

Fill in the blank:

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with, or resembling that associated with _______ or _____ tissue damage

actual or potential

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T/F pain is an experience

true

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pain is always a _____ experience that is influenced to varying degrees by biological, psychological and social factors

personal

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_____ and ____ are different phenomena, pain cannot be inferred solely from activity in sensory neurons

pain and nociception

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T/F through their life experiences individuals learn the concept of pain

true

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a persons report of an experience as pain should be _____

respected

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although pain usually serves an adaptive role, it may have _____ effects on function, social and psychological well being

adverse

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_____ description is the only one of several behaviors to express pain; inability to communicate does not negate the possibility that a human or an animal experiences pain

verbal

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T/F access to pain management is a fundamental human right

true

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the right of all people with pain to have access to appropriate assessment and treatment of the pain by ______ ________ health care professionals

adequately trained

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failure to establish laws and policies that to not inhibit people to access pain management is a breach of the _____ ______ of people harmed as a result

human rights

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the _____ of all health care professionals in a treatment relationship with a patient within the scope of practice - they are to offer a patient pain management that would be offered by a reasonably careful and competent health care professional in that field of practice

obligation

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there are ____ ______ in the knowledge of health care professionals

major deficits

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chronic pain with or without diagnosis is ______ _____

highly stigmatized

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most countries have no _____ _______ at all or very inadequate policies regarding the management of pain as a health problem including an inadequate level of research and education

national policy

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T/F one in five Canadians live with chronic pain

true

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the burden of chronic pain is not _____ _____ among Canadians

shared equally

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______ ______ such as societal, historical, and occupational factors can lead to complex interplay between chronic pain, mental illness, and substance use disorders

social determinants

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T/F anxiety and fear around opioids have led to unmanaged pain

true

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some Canadians have been unable to access ______ medications when needed for pain and function

opiod

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undue _____ to obtaining or filling opioid prescriptions, some also had their opioid dose abruptly lowered or discontinued

barriers

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the result in Canadians being unable to access this medication has led to unnecessary _____ & _____

pain and suffering

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some Canadians obtain _____ drugs to treat their pain

illegal

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pain science/ the science of pain is the _____ of the scientific process to questions concerning pain

application

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the _____ ______ is a systematic and organized set up of steps that require some type of measurement to analyze results related to theories of what we know about the world

scientific method

there are two major ways of obtaining data, ______ and ______

measurement and observation

a ________ is a sensory receptor capable of transducing and encoding a noxious stimulus

nociceptor

a ______ _____ is a central or peripheral neuron that is capable of encoding noxious stimulation

nociceptive neuron

a ____ ______ is a stimulus that is damaging or threatens damage to normal tissues

noxious stimuli

__________ is a neural process of encoding and processing noxious stimuli

nociception

________ ______ is pain arising from activation of nociceptors

nociceptive pain

__________, is increased responsiveness of sensory neurons

sensitization

Nociceptor IASP Definition (fill in the blank) A high threshold sensory receptor of the _______ _________ nervous system that is capable of transducing and encoding noxious stimuli

peripheral somatosensory

_________; to convert (something such as energy or a message) into another form

transduce

________ to convert (Something such as a body of information) from one system of communication into another

encode

The conflation of pain and nociception (Fill in the blank) The labeling of nociceptors as pain fibers was not an admirable simplification but an ______ _______

unfortunate trivialization

which word would you use to describe the following (pain or nociception?) - an individual, unique experience - requires consciousness - unpleasant

pain

which word would you use to describe the following (pain or nociception?) - the neural process of encoding - not conscious - chemical and electrical information - a nervous system process

nociception

the ____ nerve endings of the delta and C fibres are most prevalent and studied

free

T/F not all delta and c fibres are nociceptors

true

T/F all nociceptors are delta and c fibres

false

T/F delta and c fibers are mostly high threshold mechanoreceptors

true

A nociceptive NEURON; a _______ or _____ neuron of the somatosensory nervous system that is capable of encoding noxious stimuli

central or peripheral

alpha neurons - proprioceptive from ____ spindle and Golgi tendon organs

muscle

beta neurons - _____ and non _____ mechanical and thermal stimuli

noxious and non noxious

delta neurons - _____ follicle detection and noxious mechanical stimuli

hair

C fibres - noxious and non noxious ______, thermal and chemical stimuli including _____ ______

mechanical, hair follicles

T/F hair follicles are also innervated by C fibers

true

when beta neurons are not specialized they can act as _____ nerve endings and respond to mechanical stimuli, including noxious stimuli

free

noxious stimulus, a stimulus that is _____ or threatens ____ to normal tissues

damaging, damage

an example of noxious stimuli would be

hammering your fingernail

an example internal noxious stimuli would be

inflammation

nociceptors respond to noxious _____, noxious _____ and high threshold _____ stimuli as well as a variety of chemical mediators

cold, heat, mechanical

Nociception: the neural process of ______ noxious stimuli

encoding

T/F pain sensation is implied during nociception

false

________; increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons to their normal input and or recruitment of a response to normally subthreshold inputs

sensitization

clinically, sensitization may only be inferred indirectly from phenomena such as ______ or _____

hyperalgesia or allodynia

_____ sensitization; increased responsiveness and reduced threshold of nociceptive neurons in the periphery to the stimulation of their receptive fields

peripheral

_______ sensitization; increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons in the central nervous system to their normal or subthreshold afferent input

central

________ pain due to a stimulus that does not normally provoke pain

allodynia

T/F allodynia may be seen after different types of somatosensory stimuli applied to many different tissues

true

________; increased pain from a stimulus that normally provokes pain

hyperalgesia

T/F clinical descriptors are types of pain

false

clinical descriptors are _______ of somatic mechanis

hypothesis

nociceptive pain: pain that arises from actual or threatened damage to ___ _____ tissue and is due to the activation of nociceptors

non neural

_______ insensitivity to pain, an umbrella term used to describe a group of rare genetic diseases, also classified as hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathies

congenital

CIP highlights the _____ between pain and nociception, the deficient is with nociception, not pain

conflation

neuropathic pain: caused by a _____ or _____ of the somatosensory nervous system

lesion or disease

T/F neuropathic pain is a clinical description

true

an example of neuropathic pain is a _______

radiculopathy

a "radiculopathy" or more commonly a "pinched nerve" - symptoms occur when a nerve is _____ or _______

compressed or irritated

neuropathic pain may be due to nociceptive ______ lesioned within a degenerated disc or mechanical ______

sprouts, compression

mixed ____ can be present with a degenerative disc that does not present with obvious or documented mechanical compression

drivers

Nociplastic Pain; pain that arises from _______ nociception despite no clear evidence of actual or threatened tissue damage causing the activation of ______ nociceptors

altered, peripheral

fill in the blank: " the new descriptor is intended to _____ patients suffering from conditions where ______ nociception has been documented from those where the pain mechanisms are still truly unknown

distinguish, altered

"nociplastic" is based on the inference that altered _____ nociceptive function may be responsible for the _____ dimension of the experience of pain

central, biomedical

an example of a nociplastic pain mechanism would be

persistent low back pain

the diagnosis of fibromyalgia is made following a clinical evaluation including the history of current complaints, attention to past health status and physical examination, _______ any confirmatory diagnostic test

without

____ _____ after a spinal contusion injury expanded the area of hemorrhage

pain input

in humans, spinal cord injuries are often accompanied by additional tissue damage (polytrauma) that can _____ ______ (nociceptive) fibres

engage pain

we have explored the effect of ______ (nociceptive) input using an animal (Rat) model

pain

the presence of a history of pain ________. in addition, although not specific to nociplastic pain, disturbed sleep, fatigue, and cognitive problems are common. Furthermore in ______ pain conditions such as fibromyalgia.

hypersensitivity, nociplastic