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Pain(scape) > Class 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Class 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Fill in the blank:

An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with, or resembling that associated with _______ or _____ tissue damage

A

actual or potential

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2
Q

T/F pain is an experience

A

true

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3
Q

pain is always a _____ experience that is influenced to varying degrees by biological, psychological and social factors

A

personal

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4
Q

_____ and ____ are different phenomena, pain cannot be inferred solely from activity in sensory neurons

A

pain and nociception

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5
Q

T/F through their life experiences individuals learn the concept of pain

A

true

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6
Q

a persons report of an experience as pain should be _____

A

respected

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7
Q

although pain usually serves an adaptive role, it may have _____ effects on function, social and psychological well being

A

adverse

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8
Q

_____ description is the only one of several behaviors to express pain; inability to communicate does not negate the possibility that a human or an animal experiences pain

A

verbal

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9
Q

T/F access to pain management is a fundamental human right

A

true

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10
Q

the right of all people with pain to have access to appropriate assessment and treatment of the pain by ______ ________ health care professionals

A

adequately trained

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11
Q

failure to establish laws and policies that to not inhibit people to access pain management is a breach of the _____ ______ of people harmed as a result

A

human rights

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12
Q

the _____ of all health care professionals in a treatment relationship with a patient within the scope of practice - they are to offer a patient pain management that would be offered by a reasonably careful and competent health care professional in that field of practice

A

obligation

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13
Q

there are ____ ______ in the knowledge of health care professionals

A

major deficits

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14
Q

chronic pain with or without diagnosis is ______ _____

A

highly stigmatized

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15
Q

most countries have no _____ _______ at all or very inadequate policies regarding the management of pain as a health problem including an inadequate level of research and education

A

national policy

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16
Q

T/F one in five Canadians live with chronic pain

A

true

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17
Q

the burden of chronic pain is not _____ _____ among Canadians

A

shared equally

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18
Q

______ ______ such as societal, historical, and occupational factors can lead to complex interplay between chronic pain, mental illness, and substance use disorders

A

social determinants

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19
Q

T/F anxiety and fear around opioids have led to unmanaged pain

A

true

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20
Q

some Canadians have been unable to access ______ medications when needed for pain and function

A

opiod

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21
Q

undue _____ to obtaining or filling opioid prescriptions, some also had their opioid dose abruptly lowered or discontinued

A

barriers

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22
Q

the result in Canadians being unable to access this medication has led to unnecessary _____ & _____

A

pain and suffering

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23
Q

some Canadians obtain _____ drugs to treat their pain

A

illegal

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24
Q

pain science/ the science of pain is the _____ of the scientific process to questions concerning pain

A

application

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25
Q

the _____ ______ is a systematic and organized set up of steps that require some type of measurement to analyze results related to theories of what we know about the world

A

scientific method

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26
Q

there are two major ways of obtaining data, ______ and ______

A

measurement and observation

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27
Q

a ________ is a sensory receptor capable of transducing and encoding a noxious stimulus

A

nociceptor

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28
Q

a ______ _____ is a central or peripheral neuron that is capable of encoding noxious stimulation

A

nociceptive neuron

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29
Q

a ____ ______ is a stimulus that is damaging or threatens damage to normal tissues

A

noxious stimuli

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30
Q

__________ is a neural process of encoding and processing noxious stimuli

A

nociception

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31
Q

________ ______ is pain arising from activation of nociceptors

A

nociceptive pain

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32
Q

__________, is increased responsiveness of sensory neurons

A

sensitization

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33
Q

Nociceptor IASP Definition (fill in the blank)

A high threshold sensory receptor of the _______ _________ nervous system that is capable of transducing and encoding noxious stimuli

A

peripheral somatosensory

34
Q

_________; to convert (something such as energy or a message) into another form

A

transduce

35
Q

________ to convert (Something such as a body of information) from one system of communication into another

A

encode

36
Q

The conflation of pain and nociception (Fill in the blank)

The labeling of nociceptors as pain fibers was not an admirable simplification but an ______ _______

A

unfortunate trivialization

37
Q

which word would you use to describe the following (pain or nociception?)

  • an individual, unique experience
  • requires consciousness
  • unpleasant
A

pain

38
Q

which word would you use to describe the following (pain or nociception?)

  • the neural process of encoding
  • not conscious
  • chemical and electrical information
  • a nervous system process
A

nociception

39
Q

the ____ nerve endings of the delta and C fibres are most prevalent and studied

A

free

40
Q

T/F not all delta and c fibres are nociceptors

A

true

41
Q

T/F all nociceptors are delta and c fibres

A

false

42
Q

T/F delta and c fibers are mostly high threshold mechanoreceptors

A

true

43
Q

A nociceptive NEURON; a _______ or _____ neuron of the somatosensory nervous system that is capable of encoding noxious stimuli

A

central or peripheral

44
Q

alpha neurons - proprioceptive from ____ spindle and Golgi tendon organs

A

muscle

45
Q

beta neurons - _____ and non _____ mechanical and thermal stimuli

A

noxious and non noxious

46
Q

delta neurons - _____ follicle detection and noxious mechanical stimuli

A

hair

47
Q

C fibres - noxious and non noxious ______, thermal and chemical stimuli including _____ ______

A

mechanical, hair follicles

48
Q

T/F hair follicles are also innervated by C fibers

A

true

49
Q

when beta neurons are not specialized they can act as _____ nerve endings and respond to mechanical stimuli, including noxious stimuli

A

free

50
Q

noxious stimulus, a stimulus that is _____ or threatens ____ to normal tissues

A

damaging, damage

51
Q

an example of noxious stimuli would be

A

hammering your fingernail

52
Q

an example internal noxious stimuli would be

A

inflammation

53
Q

nociceptors respond to noxious _____, noxious _____ and high threshold _____ stimuli as well as a variety of chemical mediators

A

cold, heat, mechanical

54
Q

Nociception: the neural process of ______ noxious stimuli

A

encoding

55
Q

T/F pain sensation is implied during nociception

A

false

56
Q

________; increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons to their normal input and or recruitment of a response to normally subthreshold inputs

A

sensitization

57
Q

clinically, sensitization may only be inferred indirectly from phenomena such as ______ or _____

A

hyperalgesia or allodynia

58
Q

_____ sensitization; increased responsiveness and reduced threshold of nociceptive neurons in the periphery to the stimulation of their receptive fields

A

peripheral

59
Q

_______ sensitization; increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons in the central nervous system to their normal or subthreshold afferent input

A

central

60
Q

________ pain due to a stimulus that does not normally provoke pain

A

allodynia

61
Q

T/F allodynia may be seen after different types of somatosensory stimuli applied to many different tissues

A

true

62
Q

________; increased pain from a stimulus that normally provokes pain

A

hyperalgesia

63
Q

T/F clinical descriptors are types of pain

A

false

64
Q

clinical descriptors are _______ of somatic mechanis

A

hypothesis

65
Q

nociceptive pain: pain that arises from actual or threatened damage to ___ _____ tissue and is due to the activation of nociceptors

A

non neural

66
Q

_______ insensitivity to pain, an umbrella term used to describe a group of rare genetic diseases, also classified as hereditary sensory autonomic neuropathies

A

congenital

67
Q

CIP highlights the _____ between pain and nociception, the deficient is with nociception, not pain

A

conflation

68
Q

neuropathic pain: caused by a _____ or _____ of the somatosensory nervous system

A

lesion or disease

69
Q

T/F neuropathic pain is a clinical description

A

true

70
Q

an example of neuropathic pain is a _______

A

radiculopathy

71
Q

a “radiculopathy” or more commonly a “pinched nerve” - symptoms occur when a nerve is _____ or _______

A

compressed or irritated

72
Q

neuropathic pain may be due to nociceptive ______ lesioned within a degenerated disc or mechanical ______

A

sprouts, compression

73
Q

mixed ____ can be present with a degenerative disc that does not present with obvious or documented mechanical compression

A

drivers

74
Q

Nociplastic Pain; pain that arises from _______ nociception despite no clear evidence of actual or threatened tissue damage causing the activation of ______ nociceptors

A

altered, peripheral

75
Q

fill in the blank:
“ the new descriptor is intended to _____ patients suffering from conditions where ______ nociception has been documented from those where the pain mechanisms are still truly unknown

A

distinguish, altered

76
Q

“nociplastic” is based on the inference that altered _____ nociceptive function may be responsible for the _____ dimension of the experience of pain

A

central, biomedical

77
Q

an example of a nociplastic pain mechanism would be

A

persistent low back pain

78
Q

the diagnosis of fibromyalgia is made following a clinical evaluation including the history of current complaints, attention to past health status and physical examination, _______ any confirmatory diagnostic test

A

without

79
Q

____ _____ after a spinal contusion injury expanded the area of hemorrhage

A

pain input

80
Q

in humans, spinal cord injuries are often accompanied by additional tissue damage (polytrauma) that can _____ ______ (nociceptive) fibres

A

engage pain

81
Q

we have explored the effect of ______ (nociceptive) input using an animal (Rat) model

A

pain

82
Q

the presence of a history of pain ________. in addition, although not specific to nociplastic pain, disturbed sleep, fatigue, and cognitive problems are common. Furthermore in ______ pain conditions such as fibromyalgia.

A

hypersensitivity, nociplastic

Pain(scape) (2 decks)

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