Test 1 & 2 Definitions

Question 1

A _________ is a high threshold sensory receptor of the peripheral somatosensory nervous system that is capable of transducing and encoding noxious stimuli

Answer 1

nociceptor

Question 2

A ________ ________ is a central or peripheral neuron of the somatosensory nervous system that is capable of encoding noxious stimuli

Answer 2

nociceptive neuron

Question 3

the labeling of _______ as pain fibers is not an admirable simplification but an unfortunate trivialization

Answer 3

nociceptors

Question 4

clinical descriptors are not types of pain but rather _______ of somatic mechanisms

Answer 4

hypotheses

Question 5

mechanical receptors that detect, transduce and encode tissue damage may also become responsive to ________

Answer 5

inflammation

Question 6

_________ is an awareness of the elements of the environment through physical sensation

Answer 6

perception

Question 7

nociception is the neural process of _______ stimuli

Answer 7

encoding

Question 8

________ is a physical feeling from contact with the body

Answer 8

sensation

Question 9

there are major _______ in the knowledge of healthcare professionals regarding the mechanisms and management of pain

Answer 9

deficits

Question 10

C-fibres are capable of detecting noxious and non-noxious ________, thermal and chemical stimuli including hair follicles

Answer 10

mechanical

Question 11

the ________ descriptor does not apply to patients reporting pain without hypersensitivity

Answer 11

nociplastic

Question 12

clinically, sensitization may only be inferred indirectly from phenomena such as _________or allodynia

Answer 12

hyperalgesia

Question 13

a ________ descriptor for an illness such as fibromyalgia should not be conflated with the hypothesized mechanisms of pain that may be present with these conditions

Answer 13

diagnostic

Question 14

_________ is the increased responsiveness of nociceptive neurons to their normals input and or recruitment of a response to normally subthreshold inputs

Answer 14

sensitization

Question 15

A- Delta fibers are stimulated by high intensity mechanical stimuli and _________ heat or cold

Answer 15

noxious

Question 16

allodynia is pain due to a ________ that does not normally provoke pain

Answer 16

stimulus

Question 17

_______ is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with or resembling that associated with actual or potential tissue damage

Answer 17

pain

Question 18

nociceptive pain results in pain that arises due to actual or potential/ threatened tissue damage to ____ ______ tissue and is due to activation of nociceptors

Answer 18

non-neural

Question 19

_________ pain is defined as pain that arises from altered nociception despite no clear evidence of actual or threatened tissue damage or evidence for a neuropathic lesion or disease

Answer 19

nociplastic

Question 20

___________ pain is due to pain caused by a lesion or disease of the somatosensory nervous system

Answer 20

neuropathic

Question 21

_________ is aka a pinched nerve. Symptoms occur when a nerve is compressed/irritated

Answer 21

radiculopathy

Question 22

cell damage neurochemicals initiate an ________ and immune response

Answer 22

inflammatory

Question 23

____________ hyperalgesia is associated with changes in the excitability of neurons in the CNS including the spinal cord and supra-spinal sites

Answer 23

secondary

Question 24

when A-Beta neurons are not specialized, they can act as free nerve endings and respond to mechanical stimuli, including ________ stimuli

Answer 24

noxious

Question 25

A _______ stimulus is damaging or threatens damage to non neural tissue

Answer 25

noxious

Question 26

__________ peripherally and centrally located, features a description of the BBB and has a role in the transition to and maintenance of chronic pain

Answer 26

neuroinflammation

Question 27

studies over the past decade demonstrate the ubiquitous presence of __________ autoantibodies in the serum of patients with "unexplained" pain conditions

Answer 27

pronociceptive

Question 28

low-grade inflammation occurs when changes in the optical ________ environment lead to stressed cells

Answer 28

innate

Question 29

there are no ______ biomarkers for chronic pain

Answer 29

reliable

Question 30

limited association exists between the nature of any ________ lesions such as degenerative bone changes

Answer 30

structural

Question 31

diverse forms of injury to the ___ result in substantial activation of immune cells

Answer 31

PNS

Question 32

the boundaries created between various organ systems and categories of functional activity are an attempt to impose conceptual order on biological phenomenon. There is no ________ reason why nature should respect these boundaries

Answer 32

A-priori

Question 33

assumptions about causes of chronic pain have not been borne out. Persuasive brain mechanisms responsible for the transition of distress experiences into pain __________ have not been identified

Answer 33

perception

Question 34

a current known mode of nociception involves autoimmunity _______________

Answer 34

autoantibodies

Question 35

identifying the critical ________ alternations in pain-related neuroimmune communications will enable understanding of pain pathogenesis and the development of effective analgesic medications

Answer 35

maladaptive

Question 36

mediators of infections, tissue injury, low grade inflammatory diseases include the molecules of the _________ immune response

Answer 36

innate

Question 37

current known modes of nociception involved cell-cell _______ _______ with peripheral and central effects

Answer 37

cross-talk

Question 38

chronic pain is highly ________ with chronic stress

Answer 38

comorbid

Question 39

_____________ and ___________ factors are consistently associated with chronic pain but it is bidirectional

Answer 39

psychological and social

Question 40

a _______ definition of inflammation is the innate immune response to harmful stimuli such as pathogens, injury and metabolic stress

Answer 40

diverse

Question 41

a current known mode of nociception involved stress responses via _________ with peripheral and central effects

Answer 41

hormones

Question 42

in low-grade inflammation, the classic signs of inflammation are not found and CRP levels are _________ elevated compared with those accompanying acute inflammation post injury or infection

Answer 42

minimally

Question 43

active immune cells ________ modulate nociceptor activities and pain sensation

Answer 43

bidirectionally

Question 44

a current textbook defines inflammation in terms of its _________ and limited view of its function

Answer 44

stimulus

Question 45

chronic pain conditions typically come without systemically elevated ___________ markers and most patients test negative in standard autoantibody assays

Answer 45

inflammatory

Question 46

exosomes are small ___________ vesicles that are emerging as another type of secreted factor of importance in communication between various cells i.e neurons, glial cells, etc

Answer 46

extracellular

Question 47

a current known mode of nociception involves ________ activation by noxious stimuli

Answer 47

peripheral

Question 48

___________ inflammation is located in the peripheral tissues, especially the skin and is thought to have a role in conditions like migraines and complex regional pain syndrome

Answer 48

neurogenic

Question 49

small extracellular vesicles (30-150nm) known as exosomes are a known mechanism of cell to cell communication in the nervous system and regulate mechanisms of ____________

Answer 49

nociception

Question 50

what are the two main theories the gate control theory tried to bridge?

Answer 50

pattern and specificity

Question 51

T/F the declaration of Montreal adopted by the IASP in 2010 is a binding document upheld by law

Answer 51

true

Question 52

T/F pronociceptive information from muscle spindle and Golgi tendon organs travel via A-alpha neurons

Answer 52

true

Question 53

T/F nociception is increased responsiveness of sensory neurons

Answer 53

false