Class 1

Question 1

What 3 things make up the posterior aspect of the abdomen?

Answer 1

lumbar vertebrae, intervertebral discs and inferior ribs

Question 2

4 quadrants of abdomen

Answer 2

RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ

Question 3

What 2 imaginary lines separate the 4 quadrants of the abdomen?

Answer 3

transumbilical and midline

Question 4

9 regions of the abdomen

Answer 4

R+L hypochondriac
epigastric 
R+L lumbar 
umbilical 
R+L iliac 
hypogastric

Question 5

What lines separate the 9 regions of the abdomen?

Answer 5

transcostal, midclavicular lines and transtubercular

Question 6

Organs present in right hypochondriac

Answer 6

liver, gallbladder, duodenum

Question 7

Organs present in epigastric region

Answer 7

pyloris, duodenum, head of liver

Question 8

Organs present in Left hypochondriac

Answer 8

spleen, stomach, pancreas tail

Question 9

Right lumbar regions organs

Answer 9

ascending colon, jejunum and right kidney

Question 10

Umbilical region organs

Answer 10

jejunum and ileum, lower duodenum and aorta and iliac arteries

Question 11

Right iliac region organs

Answer 11

caecum, appendix, ileum

Question 12

Hypogastric region organs

Answer 12

uterus, bladder, ileum

Question 13

Left iliac region organs

Answer 13

left ureter, sigmoid colon, left ovary

Question 14

3 flat abdominal wall muscles

Answer 14

transversus abdominis, internal and external oblique

Question 15

Innervation of abdominal wall muscles

Answer 15

ventral rami T7-11

Question 16

Rectus abdominis action

Answer 16

flexion of lumbar spine

Question 17

Transversus abdominis action

Answer 17

compress abdominal contents

Question 18

External oblique action

Answer 18

contralateral rotation of torso

Question 19

Internal oblique action

Answer 19

bilateral = compress abdomen 
unilateral = ipsilateral trunk rotation

Question 20

Difference with abdominal muscles below and above umbilicus

Answer 20

above they run infront and behind whereas below they only run anteriorly

Question 21

What is the aponeurosis of the 3 flat muscles called?

Answer 21

rectus sheath

Question 22

Vertebral level of umbilicus

Answer 22

L3/4

Question 23

Dermatome of umbilicus

Answer 23

T10

Question 24

When is the inguinal canal formed?

Answer 24

Relocation of gonads as anterior abdominal wall push through and form a canal

Question 25

Length of inguinal canal?

Answer 25

4cm

Question 26

What does the inguinal canal run parallel to?

Answer 26

inguinal ligament

Question 27

What 2 bony points is the inguinal ligament connected to?

Answer 27

anterior superior iliac spine | pubic tubercle

Question 28

What are the 2 openings of the inguinal canal called?

Answer 28

deep and superficial inguinal ring

Question 29

Male contents of inguinal canal

Answer 29

spermatic cord ilioinguinal nerve blood vessels and lymphatics

Question 30

Female contents of inguinal canal

Answer 30

round ligament of uterus | ilioinguninal nerve, blood vessels, lymphatics

Question 31

2 types of inguinal hernias

Answer 31

indirect or direct

Question 32

What inguinal hernia is due to congenital weakness? where?

Answer 32

indirect - deep inguinal ring

Question 33

Indirect inguinal hernia - what happens?

Answer 33

abdominal contents enter into inguinal canal and even out of deep inguinal ring

Question 34

Direct inguinal canal - what happens?

Answer 34

contents push through posterior wall into inguinal canal and possibly out of superficial inguinal ring

Question 35

Where do femoral hernias occur?

Answer 35

below inguinal ligament

Question 36

What type of hernias is strangulation high? Common in male or female?

Answer 36

femoral - more common in females

Question 37

What can contribute to weakness in abdominal wall in umbilical hernias?

Answer 37

linea alba fibres abnormal

Question 38

In adults are umbilical hernias congenital or acquired?

Answer 38

acquired

Question 39

4 layers of GI tract histology

Answer 39

Mucosa - epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae submucosa muscularis externa - longitudinal and circular serosa/adventitia

Question 40

4 basic mucosal types in GI tract (function) and their site

Answer 40

protective eg oesophagus, anal canal secretory - stomach only absorptive - small intestine absorptive and protective - large intestine

Question 41

Protective epithelium

Answer 41

stratified squamous

Question 42

Secretory epithelium

Answer 42

simple columnar