CLASS 1

Question 1

How is risk of persistence possibly related to severity of initial stammer?

Answer 1

IF the severity of the stammer affects the parents (and child’s) reaction to the stammer, this could lead to an increased risk of persistence.

Question 2

Factors which might increase the risk of persistence include?

Answer 2

• family history of persistent stammering
• Male
• Phonological disorder
• Later onset (later than 3;03)
• Atypical language development (uneven/advanced)
• Continues beyond a year without recovery
• Other disorders present (e.g ADHD)
• Strong emotional reaction (child or others)

Question 3

What is the Iceberg anaolgy of stammering?

Answer 3

The analogy by Sheehan (1958) states that, like an iceberg, the physical part of the stammer that we see (the Overt) is only 20% of what is actually going on.
The covert, what is ‘going on underneath’, actually makes up 80% of the condition. For stammering this includes, fear, shame, guilt, anxiety, isolation, denial and hopelessness.

Question 4

What are common co-occuring features of speech with a stammer?

Answer 4

• Pitch rises
• Laryngeal tension
• Audible inhalations/ exhalations

Question 5

What are common co-occuring features, not to do with speech, with a stammer?

Answer 5

• Face movements
• Body movements
• Body tension

Question 6

What are the ABC’s of stammering?

Answer 6

A……..Affective: emotions, feelings
B……..Behavioural: tension, avoidance
C……..Cognitive: attitudes, thoughts

Question 7

What does the ICF (WHO) model to stammering consist of?

Answer 7

• The impairment
• The personal reactions (ABC’s)
• The environmental influence
• The activity limitations/ participations restrictions

Question 8

What does the “3 P’s” model consist of?

Answer 8

(By Shapiro, 1999)

Predisposition- e.g. genetics
Precipitating- e.g. developmental & environmental factors
Perpetuating- e.g. reactions to the stammer