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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Class 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Class 1 and 2 Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

Anatomy

A

study of the external and internal structures of the body, the physical relationships between body parts

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2
Q

Physiology

A

the study of the functions of the body parts using observation techniques, conducting experiments

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3
Q

How do anatomy and physiology relate?

A

anatomy describes the location of a muscle/structure and physiology describes how the muscle contracts (the function)

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4
Q

A&P Branches (10)

A

Embryology, developmental biology, cell biology, histology, gross anatomy, systemic anatomy, regional anatomy, surface anatomy, imaging anatomy, pathological anatomy.

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5
Q

Embryology

A

the first eight weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg

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6
Q

Developmental biology

A

the complete development of an individual from fertilization to death

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7
Q

Cell biology

A

cellular structure and functions

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8
Q

Histology

A

microscopic structure of tissues

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9
Q

Gross anatomy

A

structures that can be examined without a microscope

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10
Q

Systemic anatomy

A

structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory systems

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11
Q

Regional anatomy

A

specific regions of the body such as the head or chest

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12
Q

Surface anatomy

A

surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation

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13
Q

Imaging anatomy

A

body structures that can be visualized with techniques such as x-rays, MRI, and CT scans

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14
Q

Pathological anatomy

A

structural changes (gross to microscopic) associated with disease

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15
Q

Branches of physiology (8)

A

Neurophysiology, endocrinology, cardiovascular physiology, immunology, respiratory physiology, renal physiology, exercise physiology, pathophysiology

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16
Q

Neurophysiology

A

functional properties of nerve cells

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17
Q

Endocrinology

A

hormones (chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body functions

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18
Q

Cardiovascular physiology

A

functions of the heart and blood vessels

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19
Q

Immunology

A

the body’s defenses against disease-causing agents

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20
Q

Respiratory physiology

A

functions of the air passageways and lungs

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21
Q

Renal physiology

A

functions of the kidneys

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22
Q

Exercise physiology

A

Changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity

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23
Q

Pathophysiology

A

functional changes associated with disease and aging

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24
Q

Levels of structural organization (6)

A

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organismal levels

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25
Systems of the body (11)
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, nervous, endocrine, reproductive
26
Systems work together to
maintain health, provide protection from diseases, allow for reproduction
27
Living organisms distinguish themselves from non-living things because they carry the _______
basic life processes
28
Basic life processes (6)
metabolism (cata/ana), responsiveness/irritability, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction
29
Metabolism
the sum of all the physical and chemical processes that keep the organism alive
30
Catabolism
breaking down of large, complex molecules into smaller, simpler ones
31
Anabolism
building of the body's structural and functional components using energy and the components obtained by catabolism
32
Responsiveness/irritability
the reaction of the organism to a change in the internal or external environment
33
Growth
increase in size keeping the original shape
34
Differentiation
development of stem (precursor) cells into specialized cells
35
Homeostasis
the tendency to maintain the body's internal environment within certain physiological limits. a dynamic process, depends on the precise regulation of the composition of the body fluids inside or outside the cell
36
Body fluids
ICF- intracellular fluid ECF- extracellular fluid OTher: cerebrospinal, synovial, aqueous humor, vitreous body
37
A feedback system is a
cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is continually monitored
38
Basic feedback loop
Receptor, control center, effector
39
Positive feedback
system continually reinforces a change in a controlled condition (reinforces conditions that do not happen often)
40
Negative feedback
slows and stops the change, returning the controlled condition to its normal state (regulated fairly stable conditions in the body over long periods)
41
Disorder
any body abnormality of structure or function
42
Disease
illness characterized by recognizable sets of signs and symptoms
43
Symptom
abnormality noted by the patient, not apparent to the observer (a subjective change)
44
Sign
abnormality noted and measures by another observer (objective change)
45
Epidemiology
studies why, when, and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted among individuals in a community
46
Pharmacology
studies the effect and uses of drugs to treat diseases
47
Head consists of two parts
face (facial), skull (cranial)
48
The trunk
chest, abdomen, pelvis, back
49
Terms related to trunk (anterior)
sternal, mammary, umbilical, pubic
50
Terms related to the trunk (posterior)
scapular, vertebral, lumbar
51
Upper extremity consists of
shoulder, arm, forearm, hand
52
Lower extremity consists of
buttock, thigh, leg, foot
53
Perineal region
between buttocks and thighs, includes urigenital triangle, anal triangle
54
Two portions of the body
axial, appendicular
55
Axial portion of the body
composed of the head, neck, trunk
56
Appendicular portion
formed by the upper extremities and the lower extremities
57
Dorsal cavity
cranial cavity, vertebral canal
58
Ventral cavity
Thoracic cavity, abdominopelvic cavity
59
Brain is protected by three layers of membranes called
meninges
60
Thoracic cavity formed by the
ribs, sternum, thoracic vertebrae, muscles
61
Thoracic cavity contains
pleural cavities, mediastinum
62
The heart is within a cavity called
pericardial cavity

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (4 decks)

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