Class 1: Female Pelvic Anatomy Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
what is the pear shaped muscular organ in the female pelvic cavity called?
A
uterus
2
Q
what are the 4 parts of the uterus?
A
- fundus
- corpus/body
- isthmus
- cervix
3
Q
what is the widest & most superior portion of the UT?
A
fundus
4
Q
what is the cornua?
A
the lateral border of the fundus where fallopian tubes enter the UT
5
Q
what is the largest part of the UT?
A
body/corpus
6
Q
what part of the UT is within the uterine cavity?
A
body/corpus
7
Q
which part of the UT is the transition point between the body & cervix?
A
isthmus
8
Q
where is the most flexible part of the UT?
A
isthmus – this is the point where UT bends either ANT or POST
9
Q
what is the part of the uterus that is cylindrical in shape & projects into the vagina?
A
cervix
10
Q
what are the 2 openings of the cx?
A
internal-os & external-os
11
Q
what does the internal-os open to?
A
opens from cx to UT
12
Q
what does the external-os open to?
A
opens from cx to vagina
13
Q
how many fornices form when the cx projects into the va?
A
4 – 2 lateral, anterior, posterior
14
Q
what are the layers of the UT from superficial to deep?
A
- perimetrium/serosa
- myometrium
- endometrium/mucosal layer
15
Q
which layer of the UT is part of the visceral peritoneum & isn’t seen on U/S?
A
perimetrium/serosa
16
Q
what is myometrium composed of?
A
smooth muscle and CT
17
Q
what is the function of the myometrium?
A
it contracts with labor & menstruation
18
Q
what is the thickest layer of the UT?
A
myometrium
19
Q
what layer of the myometrium is the junctional zone?
A
the inner layer
20
Q
what does the junctional zone look like?
A
it can sometimes be seen as a hypoechoic halo around the endometrium
21
Q
what are the 2 layers of the endometrium called?
A
- zona basalis/basal layer/deep layer
- superficial layer/functional layer/zona functionalis
22
Q
which endometrium layer sheds with menses?
A
the functional layer of the endometrium
23
Q
which layer varies in thickness depending on the phase of the menstrual cycle?
A
endometrium
24
Q
what does the UT look like prior to menarche?
A
cylindrical & narrow
25
what is the size of the UT after menopause?
sag 3-6 cm
trv & ap 2-3 cm
26
what is the size of the UT in a nulliparous female?
sag 6-8 cm
trv & ap 3-5 cm
27
what is the ratio of the cervix to body/fundus in pediatric patients?
2/3 cx to 1/3 fundus & body
28
what are the 6 variants in uterine position?
1. anteverted
2. anteflex
3. retroverted
4. retroflexed
5. dextroverted
6. levoverted
29
urinary bladder & rectal distention does not affect uterine position. true/false?
false
30
in an anteverted uterus, the body & fundus tilt anterior to the cx. T/F?
true
31
what is the most common UT variant?
anteverted
32
which variant shows the body & fundus tilting towards the cx?
anteflexed
33
which variant shows the body & fundus going away from the urinary bladder?
retroverted
34
which variant shows the body & fundus tilting posteriorly towards the rectum?
retroflexed
35
what is the length of the fallopian tubes?
7-14 cm
36
4 parts of the fallopian tubes?
1. interstitial/intramural
2. isthmus
3. ampulla
4. infundibulum
37
which part of the FT passes through the cornua?
interstitial/intramural
38
which part of the FT is the narrowest part?
interstitial/intramural
39
which part of the FT is the medial segment?
isthmus
40
which part of the FT is the middle segment, the longest & widest, coild & turtuous?
ampulla
41
which part of the FT is the site of fertilization?
ampulla
42
which part of the FT is the most common location for ectopic pregnancies?
ampulla
43
where else in the FT besides the ampulla can ectopic pregnancies occur?
interstitial/intramural portion -- interstitial ectopic pregnancy
44
which part of the FT is the last and lateral segment?
infundibulum
45
what are the fimbriae?
finger like projections from the infundibulum of the FT that move the ovum to the ovary
46
how many layers do the FT have & what are they?
1. serosal
2. muscular
3. mucosal
47
what are the 3 pelvic spaces?
1. anterior cul de sac/vesicouterine pouch
2. posterior cul de sac/retrouterine pouch/rectouterine pouch/pouch of douglas
3. space of retzius
48
what is the fold of peritoneum over the anterior surface of the UT & UB?
anterior cul de sac/vesicouterine pouch
49
what is the posterior cul de sac?
the fold of peritoneum over the posterior surface of the UT & rectum
50
which pelvic space is the most posterior & inferior portion of the peritoneal cavity?
posterior cul de sac
51
the anterior cul de sac is the most dependent area of the peritoneal cavity. T/F?
false -- posterior cul de sac is the most dependent area
52
the space of retzius is within the folds of the peritoneum. T/F?
false -- it is not within the peritoneum folds
53
where is the space of retzius located?
between the pubic symphysis & UB
54
what does it mean if we see the space of retzius?
it is NOT fluid accumulation, it is an abscess
55
function of the uterine ligaments?
to secure the uterus in the pelvic cavity & to house vessels
56
4 uterine ligaments?
1. broad
2. round
3. cardinal/lateral
4. uterosacral
57
what is the broad ligament?
the part of the peritoneum that divides the true pelvis into anterior & posterior positions
58
what does the broad ligament cover?
it covers the FT, UT, and is attached to the ovaries posteriorly
59
where is the broad ligament?
it extends from the lateral sides of the UT to the side wall of the pelvis
60
which part of the broad ligament covers the uterus?
mesometrium
61
which part of the broad ligament covers the FT?
mesosalpinix
62
which part of the broad ligament attaches to the ovaries?
mesovarium/mesovarian
63
what does the round ligament support?
attaches the cornua to the anterior pelvic wall
64
function of the round ligament?
helps maintain anteversion of UT
65
what can excess stretching of the round ligament lead to?
retroversion/retroflexion
66
what does the uterosacral ligament attach?
attaches the cervix to sacrum to provide posterior support
67
what does the cardinal ligament attach?
attaches the cervix to the side wall of the pelvis to provide lateral support
68
4 bones that make up the pelvic girdle?
1. sacrum
2. coccyx
3-4. 2 innominate bones
69
which bones form the posterior wall of the pelvis?
sacrum & coccyx
70
what bones make up the anterior & lateral wall of the pelvis?
innominate bones/coxal bones
71
what are the coxal bones made of?
1. ilium
2. ischium
3. pubis
72
what divides the pelvis into the true & false pelvis?
iliopectineal line/linea terminalis
73
where does the linea terminalis extend from?
extends from the superior border of sacrum to superior margin of the pubic symphysis
74
where is the true pelvis?
in the area below the pelvic brim/iliopectineal line
75
the true pelvis holds the reproductive organs. T/F?
true
76
where is the false pelvis?
above the pelvic brim/iliopectineal line
77
where is the rectus abdominis muscle?
extends from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis area
78
what are the 3 false pelvis muscles?
1. psoas major
2. iliacus
3. iliopsoas
79
where may we see the iliopsoas muscle on US?
during a TA pelvic exam at the lateral aspect
80
what 4 muscles make up the true pelvis?
1. obturator internus
2. piriformis
3. levator ani muscles
4. coccygeus muscle
81
where is the obturator internus muscle?
lateral portion of the true pelvis
82
where is the piriformis muscle?
the posterior portion of the true pelvis
83
what muscles make up the levator ani muscles?
1. pubococcygeus
2. puborectalis
3. iliococcygeus
84
which true pelvis muscles makes up the pelvic floor/pelvic diaphragm?
levator ani muscles & coccygeus muscle
85
which muscles play a part in urinary & rectal continence?
levator ani muscles
86
which muscle makes up the POSTERIOR pelvic floor?
coccygeus muscle
87
what is the size of the ovaries?
3x2x1 cm
88
what is the formula for the ovarian volume?
LxWxAP/2 (cm3)
89
what are the 3 ovarian ligaments?
1. mesovarian
2. ovarian
3. infundibulopelvic/suspensory
90
function of the mesovarian ligament?
anchors the ovary to the posterior surface of the broad ligament
91
function of the ovarian ligament?
to anchor the meidal aspect of the ovary to the cornua
92
function of the infundibulopelvic ligament?
anchors lateral aspect of ovary to the pelvic brim & holds ovarian vessels
93
why is the ovary also called "nude ovary"?
because it's the only ABD organ that isn't covered by the peritoneum
94
what hormones do the ovaries make?
estrogen & progesterone
95
what are the 2 parts of the ovaries?
outer: cortex
inner: medulla
96
what does the cortex of the ovaries hold?
primordial follicles
97
what does the medulla of the ovaries hold?
CT
nerves
blood supply
lymphatics
smooth muscle
98
how many primordial follicles are we born with & how many mature?
we're born with millions but only 300-400 mature
99
what is the follicle that matures each month?
graafian follicle
100
what size does the graafian follicle mature at and when?
ruptures during ovulation at 1.8-2.5 cm
101
what does the follicular cavity become?
corpus luteum
102
what happens to the corpus luteum if the ovum is not fertilized?
it regresses/resolves
103
what do the follicles of the ovaries look like on US?
swiss cheese appearance
104
tips to image post menopausal ovaries (3)
1. decrease gain
2. look for posterior enhancement
3. ovaries may be anterior to internal iliac vessel
105
what are the arteries that supply the uterus?
1. IIA/hypogastric artery
2. uterine artery
3. ovarian artery
106
the ovaries have a dual blood supply. what are the ateries?
1. ovarian artery
2. uterine artery
107
pathway of blood from the aorta to the uterus
abdominal aorta --> RCIA/LCIA --> IIA/hypogastric --> UA --> arcuate artery --> radial artery --> basal artery --> spiral artery
108
what artery supplies the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes?
uterine artery
109
what artery supplies the vagina?
vaginal artery
110
what artery supplies the external genitals?
pudendal artery
111
what do the basal/straight arteries supply?
basal layer of endometrium
112
what do the spiral arteries supply?
superficial layer of endothelium
113
which arteries shed blood during menses?
spiral arteries
114
what do the arcuate arteries supply?
the outer 1/3 of myometrium
115
what do the radial arteries supply?
the inner 2/3 of myometrium
116
another name of ovarian arteries?
gonadal arteries
117
where does the right ovarian vein drain to?
IVC
118
where does the left ovarian vein drain to?
LRV --> IVC
