class 1 - major social theories & research methods

Question 1

name that theory:

society is complex, made of many people working together to maintain solidarity, order, balance, social stability

Answer 1

Functionalism

Question 2

who is known for Functionalism?

Is functionalism a macro or micro-level theory?

Answer 2

emile durkheim

macro

Question 3

social structures working synergistically toward solidarity results in

Answer 3

common consciousness (durkheim phrase)

Question 4

Durkheim believed dysfunctions in societies are caused by anomie which is

Answer 4

mismatch bn wider social standards and individual standards

i.e. a state of few to no moral or social guidelines

Question 5

difference between manifest and latent function (durkheim)

Answer 5

manifest = obvious, intended function of a social structure
latent = less obvious, unrecognizable consequence of that social structure

Question 6

name that theory:

society is a competition for limited resources

Answer 6

conflict theory - concerned with imbalances in wealth, power, prestige among major groups

Question 7

who is known for conflict theory?

Is conflict theory a macro or micro-level theory?

Answer 7

karl marx & max weber who refined Marx’s assertion

macro

Question 8

according to conflict theory, imbalances create a class struggle between who

Answer 8

those who control production and those who provide

Question 9

economic system where all means of production are publicly owned in order to benefit all members of the society & who is known for it

Answer 9

socialism (karl marx)

Question 10

ecxonomic system that encourages private ownership in order to produce profit and wealth & who is known for it

Answer 10

captialism (karl marx)

Question 11

karl marx describes members of a subordinate social class that are actively aware of themselves as a group being exploited by the wealthy

Answer 11

class consciousness

Question 12

karl marx describes people who are unaware of themselves being exploited & instead they see themselves as individuals instead of an exploited group

Answer 12

false consciousness

Marx argued that what holds back the workers’ unity and revolution is the presence of “false class consciousness”, where workers mistakenly identify with the interests with the capitalists.

Question 13

T/F: Max weber believed there’s only one source of conflict in society: income

Answer 13

F - could be > 1

Question 14

agencies of nonelected officials that administer the laws of society

Answer 14

bureaucracies

Question 15

incr efficiency in pursuit of rational self-interest and away from traditional religious standards of spirituality and morality

Answer 15

rationalization

Question 16

___ and ____ can exert a very powerful effect on society (max weber)

Answer 16

ideas and beliefs

Question 17

who are the founders of sociology

Answer 17

durkheim, karl marx, and max weber

Question 18

name that theory:

people act towards things based on the meaning those things have for them and these meanings are derived from social interactions and modified through interpretation

Answer 18

symbolic interactionism

Question 19

who is known for symbolic interactionism ?

Is symbolic interactionism a macro or micro-level theory?

Answer 19

george mead (I and me) & Charles cooley (looking glass self) 
micro

Question 20

George mead believed the self is developed in 3 stages. What are they, what are their age ranges, and what do they entail

Answer 20

prepatory stage (0-2) = children learn to use language and symbols but only mimic those around them (imitate)
play stage (2-6) = kids learn to play the role of others in pretend game (role taking) 
game stage (7+) = kids start to understand the generalized other (organized and generalized attitude of a social grp)

Question 21

According to george mead, individual develop a social self called ___ and a response to that social self called ___

Answer 21

me –> I

Question 22

personal identity and individuality - is this “I” or “me”

Answer 22

I

Question 23

consists of our interpretations of how the generalized other views us - is this “I” or “me”

Answer 23

me

Question 24

which develops thru interactions with others - “I” or “me”

Answer 24

me

Question 25

who believed a persons self is shaped by interactions with others and perceptions of others

Answer 25

charles cooley (looking glass self)

Question 26

Charles cooley - ones concept of self is made up of what 3 stages

Answer 26

1. imagine how we appear to others 2. imagine what others must THINK about us based on their observations 3. we develop our feeling about ourselves based on our (truly or falsely) imagined judgement of others

Question 27

name that theory: theory suggesting that reality is not inherit but socially constructed

Answer 27

social constructionism

Question 28

what is a social construct

Answer 28

anythign that appears to be natural and obvious to people who accept it but is largely an invention of a society & reject brute facts ex. gender roles, education, knowledge, language

Question 29

dynamic ongoing process where an individual internalizes the values, beliefs, and norms of their society and learns to function as a member of that society

Answer 29

socialization

Question 30

is social constructionism macro or micro?

Answer 30

both

Question 31

which theory is stigma associated with

Answer 31

symbolic interactionism

Question 32

name that theory: people make decisions by comparing the costs and benefits of various courses of action

Answer 32

rational choice theory - influenced by economics - want to reduce costs and maximize .benefit

Question 33

is rational choice theory macro or micro

Answer 33

micro

Question 34

name that theory: people assign rewards (benefits) and punishments (costs) to interactions and prefer those with the greatest benefit

Answer 34

social exchange theory - influenced by behavioral pscyh - people make rational, self interested choices - social interactions change over time - if receive social approval for an action --> action will be repeated - assumes that rewarding actions will be repeated, but the reward diminishes over time

Question 35

is social exchange theory macro or micro

Answer 35

micro

Question 36

name that theory: perspectives on the different experiences and treatment of women vs men & advocate for political economic and social rights of women

Answer 36

feminist theory

Question 37

is feminist theory macro or micro

Answer 37

both

Question 38

what did the 3 waves/ eras of feminist theory focus on / when was each

Answer 38

1900 - focus on womens suffrage (right to vote, own property, work for $) 1960/70 - focus on womens social liberties (gender equality, equal pay, reproductive rights) 1980-present - focus on intersectionality (how diff social identities interact like race, gender, class) wave 1 & 2 had focus on hetero, white, middle class women

Question 39

name these types of groups: 1. group you don't belong to 2. close friends, long term relationships 3. group you compare yourself to 4. superficial, task oriented, shorter term

Answer 39

1. out group 2. primary group 3. reference group 4, secondary group

Question 40

difference between experimental and non-experimental designs

Answer 40

experimental directly manipulates variables while non does not

Question 41

what are 4 examples of experimental designs

Answer 41

random sampling random assignment control of extraneous variables manipulation of treatment

Question 42

what are 6 examples of non-experimental designed studies

Answer 42

1. ethnographic studes (deep exploring of 1 culture) 2. twin studies, or heritability 3. archival or biographical studies 4. phenomenological studies (like phenomenon) 5. observational studies 6. case or longitudinal studies

Question 43

difference of between subjects vs within subjects

Answer 43

``` between = different groups within = same individuals at different points in time ```

Question 44

extent to which the findings can be generalized to the real world

Answer 44

external validity

Question 45

extent to which we can say the change in the outcome variable (or dependent variable) is due to the intervention

Answer 45

internal validity

Question 46

what are the 5 common threats to internal validity

Answer 46

``` CAILS confounding or extraneous variables attrition effects (drop out) impression management (change their responses to fit social norms) lack of reliability (lack consistency) sampling bias (not random) ```

Question 47

what are the 4 common threats to external validity

Answer 47

LESS Lack of statistical power (ex. sample size too small) Experiment doesn't reflect real world (ex. sample not representative of the popln) Selection criteria (if too restrictive & not representative) Situational effects (presence of lab conditions changes outcome)

Question 48

ecclasia

Answer 48

An ecclesia is religious group that includes most members of a society and is closely affiliated with or holds state or secular power.

Question 49

sect

Answer 49

A sect breaks away from a denomination, often due to doctrinal issues, such as a return to a pure or fundamental version of the denomination.

Question 50

a non-state sponsored, large, mainstream religious organization

Answer 50

denomination

Question 51

least socially acceptable religious org

Answer 51

cult

Question 52

______ assigns new meanings to a behavior, which was judged to be ‘sick’ or related to the appropriate behavior for someone who is sick, but is now judged to be normal.

Answer 52

demedicalization

Question 53

describe medicalization of deviance using the treatment of cocaine addiction example

Answer 53

An example of the medicalization of deviance is the treatment of cocaine addiction. Early in the 20th century, cocaine addiction was defined as a deviant behavior. Today, addiction is viewed as a mental disorder and a disease. i.e. medicalization of deviance is the process of changing a ‘bad’ behavior into a ‘sick’ behavior.

Question 54

According to theorist Karl Marx, factory workers are a stratified social class, like cogs in a bigger societal machine. A factory worker loses the ability to determine his/her own destiny, and the ability to own the goods they produce. This concept can be referred to as:

Answer 54

alienation of labor

Question 55

The belief that poor people develop a unique value structure to deal with their lack of success in society because they are resigned to their lower socio-economic position is referred to as:

Answer 55

culture of poverty