class 6 - Neuroscience, Memory, Learning Flashcards by Erica Camacho

the left and right hemispheres communicate through the

corpus callosum

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which hemisphere receives information from the right visual field and controls the right side of the body

left hemi

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which hemisphere is intuitive, big picture, and random sequencing?
which is analytical, detail oriented, ordered sequencing

big pic = right

details = left

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area responsible for producing speech

broca’s area

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area responsible for understanding speech

wernickes

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the occipital lobe handles

visual processing

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parietal lobe handles (3)

touch, taste, body awareness

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which lobe deals with concentration, body movement, personality, meaning of words, emotional reaction, speech, and smell

frontal

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what part of the brain deals with MOTOR memory?

which turns WORKING memory into LTM?

motor = cerebellum
working = temporal

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what part of the brain allows you to coordinate movements & balance

cerebellum

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if you can’t recognize someone’s face, what lobe is messed up?

temporal

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hearing & emotion are handled in what lobe

temporal

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what type of tasks do we ALWAYS need lots of conscious awareness to complete

complex and novel (new) tasks

-can complete simple, practiced tasks with little conscious awareness

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Two states of consciousness

alertness (awake)

sleep

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alertness and arousal are controlled by the

reticular activating system in the bran

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where does the dopamine reward pathway start and connect to

starts at the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) of the midbrain and connects to Nucleus Accumbens (pleasure center)

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where is dopamine released

nucleus accumbens (addictive drugs also released here and this is what reinforces drug use)

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what are other regions implied in reward

amygdala and hypothalamus

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what are the four areas of the limbic system

thalamus
hippocampus
amygdala
hypothalamus

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what do the four areas of the limbic system handle

thalamus - sensory relay
hippocampus - explicit memory
amygdala - anger and fear
Hypothalamus - (4 Fs) Fighting, feeding, fleeing, fucking (mating)

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where does sensory information arrive in the initial memory pathway

thalamus

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what neuroimaging methods are functional (i.e. measure what the brain is DOING)?
which are structural (show what the brain LOOKS like)?

functional

PET
fMRI
EEG

Structural

MRI
CT scan

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neural plasticity is changes in the brain bc of what 4 things

learning, emotions, thinking, behavior

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definition: connections bn neurons strengthen

long-term potentiation

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area of brain responsible for memory and learning

hippocampus

The forgetting curve gets shallow as ____ increases

repetition

define: encoding storage retrieval

``` encoding = transferring from sensory memory into our memory system --> to get it to LTM storage = retaining info in STM or LTM retrieval = extracting stored info ```

describe the two serial position effects

primacy effect = remembers words at beginning | recency effect = remember words at end

Baddeley's model of working memory involves the central executive which is a system responsible for (3)

coordination of the slave systems shifting bn tasks or retrieval strategies selective attention and inhibition

what are the 4 kinds of encoding ? describe them

``` semantic = meaning acoustic = sound visual = images elaborative = conscious association the new memory with previous LTMs ```

6 encoding strategies

``` rehearsal = repetition chunking = grouping elaboration = intertwining new ingo with pre-existing long term memories self-reference = make it personally relevant spacing = material is spaced out over time mnemonics = technique (ex. ROYGBIV) ```

which memory decays in 15-30 secs? | sensory, working or LTM

working

what is the rehearsal buffer capacity of working memory

7+ or - 2

how long does iconic (visual) senses last in sensory memory? how about echoic (auditory)

``` visual = < 1 sec audio = 2-4 sec ```

T/F: STM is mostly semantic

F: LTM is mostly semantic, STM is mostly acoustic

spreading activation

find definition

when exposure to one stimulus influences response to another stimulus

priming

context-dependent memory aka context effect

we're better at retrieving info in the same enviornment they're learned

state-dependent memory

we're better at remembering when we're in the same internal state we were in when the info was encoded (drug, comfort, pain, mood) ex. coffee while studying

proactive interference

think: PRior interference | info already learning interferes w ability to learn new ingo

retroactive interference

REcent interference | new info is making it harder to retrieve older info

in normal agin, semantic memory improves until what age

korsakoffs syndrome is a chronic memory disorder caused by

severe deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B1) | -caused commonly by alcohol misuse but can be bc of AIDS, nutrition, infections

where does alzheimers disease impact first

hippocampus (explicit memory)

diff bn anterograde amnesia and retrograde

anterograde=loss of ability to create new memories (like that movie with adam sandler) retrograde=loss of access to memories from the past

when an organism changes the magnitude of its response due to the repeated exposure to a particular stimuli

nonassociative learning

when there's incr responsiveness to a repeated stimuli (assc w incr arousal)

sensitization (nonassociative learning)

when the organisms response diminishes as it becomes accustomed to a repeated stimulus

habituation (nonassociative learning)

dishabituation is when the organism that had been habituated to a stimulus recovers its responsiveness bc of ______ and/or______

removal of the stimulus and/or the experience of a diff stimulus

2 stimuli are paired in a way that the response to 1 of the stimuli changes

classical conditioning

first to describe classical conditioning and pioneer of behaviorism theory

Pavlov

describe the methods of associative learning (classical conditioning) with the dog example

1. unconditioned stimulus = food, unconditioned response = salivate 2. neutral stimulus = bell, is used along with food 3. eventually, conditioned stimulus = bell, conditioned response = salivate i.e. the neutral stimulus became conditioned stimulus when it alone can make the conditioned response

when one event is associated with another is known as ____ learning

associative

when stimuli other than original conditioned stimulus elicits the same conditioned response (ex. chime instead of bell)

generalization

when stimuli is distinguished from other similar stimuli and is the only thing that elicits the conditioned response i.e. when respond to some stimuli but not others

discrimination

if you ring the bell but don't give food, over time they will stop salivating. This is an exmaple of

extinction

when old conditioned stimulus elicits a response {after being extinct } {} = idk if it's true but i think

spontaneous recovery

process where reinforcement and punishment are employed to mold behavioral responses

operant conditioning

who is most assc w operant conditioning

BF skinner

_____ INCR the likelihood of desired behavior | _____ DECR the likelihood of UNdesired behavior

reinforcement - incr | punishment - decr

1. takes away something undesirable = 2. takes away something desirable = 3. adds something desirable = 4. adds something undesirable

1. negative reinforcement 2. negative punishment 3. positive reinforcement 4. positive punishment TIP: anything takes away = neg, anything adds = pos

token economy

system where targeted behaviors are reinforced with tokens and can later be exchanged for desirable stimuli ex. more screen time

Going to work and completing tasks --> earn money --> exchange money for activities like movies and items like car is an example of

world economy

what are the four reinforcement schedules of operant conditioning

variable ratio fixed ratio variable interval fixed interval

provides reinforcement after unpredictable number of behaviors (ex. gambling)

variable (unpredictable) ratio (number of responses)

provides reinforcement after an inconsistent period of time

variable (unpredictable) interval (amount of time)

provides reinforcement after a set number of behaviors

fixed (predictable) ratio (number of responses)

provides reinforcement after a consistent period of time

fixed (predictable) interval (time)

what is the best way to teach a new behavior

continuous (reinforcer given after every single response)

which of the four reinforcement schedules has the slowest rate of extinction

variable ratio (ex. gambling)

incr in response rate that typically occurs when a previously reinforced response is initially no longer paired w any reinforcement

extinction burst

rewarding of successive, closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior when the exact behavior is too complex ex. potty training

shaping

stimulus that incr responses when present bc subject has learned that this stimulus signals more likely reinforcement ex. kids wake up early on Xmas

discriminative stimulus

its easier to condition an organism to perform a response thats similar to behaviors that its biologically inclined to perform

bio predisposition

tendency for certain conditioned behaviors to trigger similar instinctive behaviors

instinctive drift

bobo doll experiment is part of what type of learning

observational

learning through watching and imitating others

observational learning

what supports observational learning / are important for observational learning

mirror neurons

who did the bobo doll experiment

albert bandora

where the soln to a problem suddenly comes to us i.e. the "ah ha" moment is what type of learning

insight learning

who is assc with insight learning for the chimpanzee study

wolfgang kohler

process where learning happens without any immediate expression or obvious reinforcement...later when helpful, it demonstrates itself (3 groups of rat study)

latent learning

PET scan is a FUNCTIONAL imaging technique that measures the

emission of positrons that result from the metabolism of a radioactive tracer (injected prior to the scan). In brain, glucose is used as the tracer bc it's metabolized quickly by the brain PET = Positron emission tomography