Class 2 Flashcards
Which are the theoretical foundations of global governance?
Constructivism, Realism and Liberalism
What is liberal theory? Compare it with neoliberals
Human nature is basically good and people can improve moral and material conditions. The great challenges of humanity can be eliminated, by improving the moral and material condition of society.
For liberals cooperation will exist, and they support it.
Roots of liberalism: 18th century Enlightment; 19th century political and economic liberalism & 20th century Wilsonian idealism
Individual human beings are the primary international actors; states are the most important collective actors
Cooperation is possible and will grow over time
Supportive of international organizations & international law
The neoliberals focus on cooperation, the role of international institutions, but like neo realists, they accept the rule of the state and they accept some aspects of power politics.
States that have continuous interactions with each other choose to cooperate, despite the anarchic international environment
Continuous interactions provides motivation for states to create international institutions
Recognition that not all efforts to cooperate will yeld good results
Understand how cooperation emerges initially
Functionalism
governance arrangements arise from the functional (basic) needs of people and states (societies).
More than the will of the state, the constraints promote cooperation.
Technical, social and economic cooperations is a prerequisite (precondition) for political integration.
Governance arrangements arise from the functional needs of people and states
International economic & social cooperation is a prerequisite for political cooperation and eliminating war
Mitrany (1946), A Working Peace System – task of functionalism is “not how to keep the nations peacefully apart but how to bring them actively together”
Applicable at regional and global levels
Important to explain the evolution of regional blocs and the development of early IGOs
What are international regimes?
International regimes: law comnsisted not only from formal rules, but also from informal arrangements, codified and institutionalized.
International law consisted not only of formal authoritative prohibitions, but also of more informal norms and rules of behavior that may become codified or institutionalized
What is realism?
Based on pessimistic anthropoligy, individuals are power seeking, rational, and tend to defende their own interests.
Consider that there is only one international actor in the world, the state,
states have the monopoly of the internation relations.
Secondly, the state is a unitary actor and is rational, the only objective is to defend national interests, and understand the international interests, as something to maximize their power and their security.
States cooexist in international but do not have any supranational order, hence is a international anarchy, both the internatinal law and institutions are weak.
For realistics the balance of power is more important than international cooperation.
What is neorealism?
Neorealism (structural realism): accept there is no monopoly of the state over international organizations, accept that there are other international players other than the states which are important, nevertheelss the states continue to be the key actors.
What is constructivism?
Constructivism: International interest of the state is not given, is socially constructed, ideas matter, discourse is important, the speech act leads to reality.
The role of norms: the behavior of individuals, states, and other actors ir shaped by shared beliefs, socially constructed rules and cultutal practices
Wendt (1994) – states’ ability to cooperate depends in part on whether their identities generate self-interests or collective interests
The importance of institutions as embodied in norms, pratices and formal organizations
Describe world power during napoleon vs after napoleon
World order during napeoleon: we see one state that has more power than all other states together (Unipolar order), hierarchical structural, na empire (hegemony). After napoleon (congress of Vienna), we see a world order comprised of various great powers, france, austria, prussia and Russia and Great Britain, a multipolar world order, the structure is horizontal. The principle of balance of power was being used. Balance of power can generate different systems (bipolar for example like in the cold war).
Compare world order vs international order
World order is a concept, is the concept held by differnet societies about the nature about formal or informal arrangementss and the distribution of power by differnet states, this applicable to the whole world.
The international order, not the concept, but the reality, about the political level, about the history, is the pratical aplication of the world order in a certain period or certain region. The regional order is the same bue applicable at a limited to a geographical region.
Which are the components of the world order?
There are 2 components of the world order, power and legitimacy. Power is the capacity of international actors to act, but there is the need of the acceptance of the other actors (this is the legitimacy). The relationship between the two componets can vary.
What are the 3 ages of the international order?
Age of religion ( papal monarchy and dynastic monarchy), age of power politics (balance of power, concert of europe, revived concert, and liberal age(interwar-cold war and post cold war).
What is the hegemonic stability theory?
Developed in the 70s & 80s to answer how an open world economy is created and maintained, defending that it is through the power and leadership of a dominant or hegemonic state that uses its position in particular ways.
The relationship between leadership or power & liberal international economy.
What was the concert of Europe?
Concert of Europe: System adopted by the major conservative powers of Europe to maintain their power, oppose revolutionary movements, weaken the forces of nationalism, and uphold the balance of power. Founded in 1815, crashed in 1823.
What’s Ikenberry view on the world order that US tried to insitutitonalized after World War II?
After both World Wars, the US attempted to institutionalize its power through the creation of a constitutional order, by which political order was organized around agreed-upon legal and political institutions that operate to allocate rights/limit exercise of power.
What is David Baldwin view on neo realism vs neo liberalism?
states should be concerned with absolute gains rather than relative gains to other states.
Emphasizing the possibility of mutual wins, they are interested in institutions which can arrange jointly profitable arrangements and compromises.
While not denying the anarchic nature of the international system, neoliberals argue that its importance and effect has been exaggerated. Even in an anarchic system of autonomous rational states, cooperation can emerge through the cultivation of mutual trust and the building of norms, regimes, and institutions. Prioritize economic wellbeing, then go after power.
Neoliberal institutionalism seems to be more useful now given states are increasingly concerned with economic welfare, with military force needed rarely. Recognizes the existence of common or complementary interests. Envisions a larger set of international cooperation. Believe cooperation brings absolute benefit, expand pie.
