Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Fundamentals > Class 2 Asepsis & Infection Control > Flashcards

Class 2 Asepsis & Infection Control Flashcards

1
Q

Infection

A

a disease that results from a pathogen in or on the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

healthcare associated infections (HAI)

A

infections that develop during the course of treatment for other conditions; most can be preventable!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Most common (top offenders) HAI

A

urinary tract infections
surgical site infections
bloodstream infections
pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Nosocomial

A

something that originated or occurred inside a hospital setting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Bloodborne Pathogens

A

infectious microorganisms in the blood/body secretions that can cause disease in humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Iatrogenic?

A

something that wasn’t supposed to happen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Preventing health care associated infections

A

HAI in USA annually:
-2 million infections
-99,000 deaths
-$30.5 billion dollars in associated costs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Medicare/medicaid no pay list (10 conditions)..hospitals will not be paid for any costs related to (3)

A

-CAUTI: catheter associated urinary tract infections
-vascular catheter related infections
-surgical site infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Factors predisposing patients to nosocomial infections

A

-being in hospital
-antibiotic-resistant organisms developed in hospitals (MRSA, VRSA, VRE)
-poor compliance with hand washing, standard precautions and transmission based precautions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Infectious agents

A

-bacterial: most significant and most prevalent in hospital settings
-virus: smallest of all microorganisms
-fungi: plant like organisms present in air, soil, and water (no flowers in ICU)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Components of the infection cycle

A

-infectious agent (pathogen-not all infectious)
-reservoir (where do live?)
-portal of exit
-means of transmission (how do travel? contact, airborne, droplet)
-portal of entry
-susceptible host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Possible reservoirs of micro-organisms

A

-other humans (TB)
-animals, insects (west nile, zika)
-soil (tetanus)
-food, water, milk (listeria, E. coli, salmonella)
-inanimate objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

common portals of exit/entry

A

pathogens generally enter and exit via the same portals
-respiratory
-gastrointestinal
-genitourinary tracts
-breaks in skin (intact skin is body’s 1st line of defense**)
-blood and body fluids (everything but sweat!)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How to break the chain of infection

A

-infectious agent–>reservoir (hand hygiene)
-reservoir–>portal of exit from reservoir (transmission-based precautions)
-portal of exit–>means of transmission (dry intact dressing/hand hygiene)
-means of transmission–>portals of entry (hand hygiene)
-portals of entry–>susceptible host (hand hygiene)
-susceptible host–>infectious agent (immunizations)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Factors affection host susceptibility

A

-intact skin & mucous membranes: this is the bodies first line of defense against infection**
-body’s white blood cells: low counts allow pathogens to multiply
-patients with splenectomy (filters bacteria)
-age: neonates and older adults are more susceptible to infection
-immunization, natural or acquired
-fatigue: decreased immune response
-nutritional status: poor nutritional status inhibits our ability to fight infection
-drug therapies: many drugs suppress our immune system response (steroids, chemo)
-stress: increased stress will adversely affect normal defense mechanisms
-use of invasive or indwelling medical devices:provides portal of entry for pathogens (IV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Stages of infection

A

incubation period
prodromal stage
full stage of illness
convalescent period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

incubation period

A

organisms growing and multiplying
-not feeling sick; no symptoms
-flu=1-4 days; Hep B=1-6 maths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

prodromal stage

A

person is most infectious, vague and nonspecific signs of disease
-“I don’t feel well”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

full stage of illness

A

presence of specific signs and symptoms of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

convalescent period

A

recovery from the infection
-start to feel better

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Manifestations of the presence of an infection

A

-local infection
-systemic infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

local infection

A

will see:
-swelling, heat at site, redness, pain
-loss of function
-purulent drainage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

systemic infection

A

will see:
-elevated temperature (not in the elderly! their temp will be normal, but their level of consciousness will deteriorate)
-increased pulse and respiratory rate (increased metabolism)
-enlarged lymph nodes
-lethargy, anorexia (loss of appetite)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Laboratory data indicating infection CBC with differential (diff)

A

-elevated white blood cell count >10,000/mm3
-increase in specific types of white blood cells
-neutrophils(bands-immature, left shift):acute bacterial infections (should be less than 10%); generate fever response
-lymphocytes chronic bacterial (TB) and viral infections; important in synthesis of immunoglobulins
-eosinophil elevated in parasitic infection, fungus (cocci), allergic reaction; increase in response to allergic & parasitic conditions when an antigen-antibody response occurs
-C-reactive protein is non-specific and indicates inflammation (presence of pathogen in urine, blood, sputum, or drainage cultures)
-diagnostic tests such as CXR, lumbar puncture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

hospital privacy curtains

A

are dirty!
-in study 92% of curtains showed contamination in 1 week (30 curtains)
-8 curtains yielded VRE at multiple time points
-privacy curtains are rapidly contaminated with potentially pathogenic bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Paper study

A

4 pathogens were prepared on paper
-e. coli
-staph
-pseudomonas
-enterococcus
still stable on paper for up to 72 hours and still cultured after 7 days
**don’t bring paper in isolation room

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

MDRO

A

multi drug resistant organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

CAUTI

A

catheter associated urinary tract infections

29
Q

VAP

A

ventilator associated pneumonia

30
Q

HAP

A

hospital associated pneumonia

31
Q

CLASBI’s

A

central line associated bloodstream infections

32
Q

bloodborne pathogens

A

live in body/body secretions except sweat
-these pathogens include, but are not limited to:
-Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
-Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
-Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

**hep vowels are bowels; consonants are blood

33
Q

How are bloodborne pathogens transmitted?

A

-needle stick
-cuts from contaminated sharps
-mucous membrane transmission
-perinatal transmission (mother to child)
-aerosol transmission

34
Q

Standard precautions used to prevent blood borne pathogens

A

-treat all blood and body fluids as if they are infected=everyone
-treat potentially contaminated materials as if they are infected
-have an ESSENTIAL role in preventing transmission

35
Q

Standard precautions (tier 1)

A

-wash hands
-wear gloves
-wear mask
-wear gown
-sharps disposal (never recap dirty needle)

36
Q

Standard precautions include

A
  1. hand hygiene & wearing gloves
  2. using appropriate PPE
    -masks, goggles, face shields, gowns, booties, head coverings
  3. safe work practices
    -never recap a dirty needle
    -respiratory hygiene/couch etiquette
  4. engineering controls
    -needless IV’s, safety lancets
37
Q

1 hand hygiene

A

when to use hand sanitizer:
-wash in/wash out of rooms
-before direct patient contact
-after direct contact with patient skin
-after contact with body fluids or non
-before putting on gloves
-after removing gloves
-before procedures
-after touching patient surroundings
**use soap and water when hands are visibly soiled and after caring for patient with C diff (have spores)
-Wash and change gloves between patients

38
Q

compliance with hand hygiene guidelines CDC May 12, 2023

A

-average hand hygiene compliance without specific improvement interventions remains at around 40% while in critical care, such as intensive care units, average compliance levels are around 60%

-our study shows that only during one-fifth of the observations did healthcare workers do hand washing, and less than 10% did it appropriately by following all the essential steps of hand hygiene

39
Q

2 wear appropriate ppe (not sterile)

A

before beginning a task, you should ask yourself:
1. what am I going to do?
2. is there any likelihood of contact with body substances?
3. if yes, where is contact anticipated-eyes, mouth, hands, clothes?
4. what equipment do I need to protect these areas?

40
Q

PPE

A

-gloves
-gowns
-masks
-protective eye gear
-surgical caps and shoe covers

41
Q

Donning

A

putting on PPE
-gown
-eyeware
-mask
-gloves (pull over sleeves)

42
Q

Doffing

A

taking off PPE
-gloves, gown, eyeware, mask
**most contaminated comes off first

43
Q

Glove guidelines

A

-wash hands before putting on gloves
-wash hands after taking off gloves
-do not wear dirty gloves outside of a patient’s room
-change gloves between tasks on the same patient
-wash hands and change gloves between patients
-do not do any charting with gloves
So what do we do in isolation room with EPIC?
-do not wear gloves when there is no chance of coming in contact with blood or body secretions

44
Q

N95 particulate respirator

A

protect the wearer from small particles in the air that may contain virus and pathogens (FILTERS INHALED AIR) -each wearer is fitted for their personal mask
-filters what breathing in/out

45
Q

PPE masks

A

protect large droplets from escaping the wearers nose or mouth; protect the wearer from splashes; they do NOT prevent inhalation of small airborne contaminants (FILTERS EXHALED AIR)
-filters what exhaling

46
Q

PAPR

A

powered air purifier respirators

47
Q

3 safe work practices

A

in areas where there is a chance of exposure to bloodborne pathogens:
-do not eat or drink in the work area
-do not store food or drink in the areas where blood or body substances may be present
-do not apply cosmetics, lip balm or contact lenses in these areas
-bag laundry in rooms with leak proof bags

48
Q

4 engineering controls

A

-sharps containers
-self sheathing needles
-needless systems

49
Q

regulated waste and proper disposal

A

see slide 35

50
Q

What to do if you have a body substance exposure

A

Immediately clean the area
-eyes: remove contact lenses and rinse eyes with continuous water for at least 5 minutes
-cuts, scrapes, punctures: immediately bleed out the wound and wash with large amounts of soap and water (tell instructor)
-mouth: immediately rinse the mouth with large amounts of water for at least 5 minutes
REPORT EXPOSURE TO CLINICAL FACULTY

51
Q

contaminated clothing

A

-minimally contaminated by a body substance (inner surface not wet), it should be removed as soon as possible and replaced with hospital scrubs
-remove garment by rolling it up, as it is pulled up, to avoid facial contact with outer surfaces
-if amount of exposure soaks through clothing (inner surface wet) it is recommended clothing be cut off

52
Q

What do we do when standard precautions (bbp) are not enough?

A

Transmission-based precautions tier 2

53
Q

Transmission-based precautions tier 2

A

used in addition to standard precautions
-contact: C. diff, MRSA
-droplet: influenza, pertussis, whooping cough
-airborne: covid 19, TB, measles, chickenpox (airborne + contact)
^^require negative pressure rooms; door closed, n95 masks

other precautions
-neutropenic=protective (protecting patient)

used alone or in combination but always in addition to standard precautions

54
Q

contact precautions

A

visitors: please report to the nurses’ station before entering this room
GLOVES AND GOWN ARE REQUIRED TO ENTER THIS ROOM
-placement: private room, may cohort with others with same organism and no other infection
-equipment: use disposable equipment. dedicate non-critical care items (stethoscope, thermometer, BP cuff). if common equipment is used, clean and disinfect between patients. do not take patient charts into the room
-transport: limit to essential purposes. when transporting take proper precautions (ex. cover infected area). notify destination area of isolation status

55
Q

MDRO’s

A

multi drug resistant organisms
-MRSA
-VRSA
-VRE
-C diff

56
Q

MRSA

A

methicillin resistant staph aureus

57
Q

VRSA

A

vancomycin resistant staph aureus

58
Q

VRE

A

vancomycin resistant enterococci

59
Q

C diff

A

clostridium difficile

60
Q

droplet (bigger) precautions

A

visitors: please report to the nurses’ station before entering this room
A MASK IS REQUIRED TO ENTER THIS ROOM
-placement: private room, may cohort with others with same organism and no other infection
-transport: limit to essential purposes. instruct patient to wear surgical mask. no mask required for transporter. notify destination area of isolation status.

61
Q

airborne precautions

A

visitors: please report to the nurses’ station before entering this room
A RESPIRATOR IS REQUIRED TO ENTER
-placement: designated airborne isolation (negative pressure) room
-the door to the room must be kept closed at all times. visitors should wear a surgical mask when entering the room unless they have had prolonged exposure to the patient prior to hospitalization and choose not to
-transport: limit to essential purposes. instruct patient to wear surgical mask. cover varicella/shingles lesions if applicable. respirator required for transporter. notify destination area of isolation status.

62
Q

a note about patient’s in isolation

A

research verifies patients in isolation suffer consequences
-depression
-anxiety
-fewer visits from the health care staff
-increased adverse events

63
Q

medical asepsis

A

clean technique
-hand washing
-PPE

64
Q

surgical asepsis (sterile)

A

-operating room, labor and delivery areas
-certain diagnostic testing areas: interventional radiology, cardiac catheterization
-patient bedside
-anytime you are penetrating the skin: blood draws, injections, IV’s
-invasive procedures, sterile dressings, central line dressings, urinary catheter insertion

65
Q

sterile field

A

-don’t turn back on sterile field
-only sterile from neck to waist
-only sterile from top of bed and above

66
Q

principles of surgical asepsis

A

-allow only a sterile object to touch another sterile object
-avoid talking, coughing, reaching over a sterile field
-do not turn your back on a sterile field
-consider any object contaminated if you have any doubt
-date and time solutions to expire in 24 hours
-pour fluids with the label in the palm of your hand
-without sterile gloves handle outer 1 inch of sterile field
-drapes

67
Q
A
68
Q
A

Fundamentals (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions