Class - 2 - Human Research - Modern Psychology Flashcards
(201 cards)
1
Q
What is Zeitgeist?
A
What were the following of particular historical period:
- What were the dominant values, – beliefs, –and attitudes?
- What were people concerned about
- What were their hopes – and –fears?
- What were the prevailing ideas about the mind, – the self, – and – human nature?
- Think of it as the collective consciousness of a historical period, influenced by major events, social trends, technological advancements, and philosophical currents.
2
Q
Example of Zeitgist: The Emergence of Bimaristans in the Islamic Golden Age (8th-13th centuries CE)
A
Preceding events: The expansion of the Islamic empire, translation of ancient Greek texts, and a flourishing of scientific inquiry.
Zeitgeist: A focus on knowledge, reason, and compassion.
Connection to Psychology: Bimaristans, early hospitals with dedicated wards for mental illness, reflected a humane and progressive approach to mental health care. This was influenced by both Islamic teachings on compassion and the rediscovery of classical Greek medical knowledge. This period foreshadows modern psychiatric hospitals and the understanding of mental illness as something requiring medical treatment.
3
Q
What are 3 different Eras of Psychology?
A
- Ancient (beginning of time: anything before ~1500)
- Modern (~1500 - ~1950)
- Contemporary (~1950 - now)
4
Q
What is the time period of Ancient psychology era?
A
Beginning of time: anything before ~1500
5
Q
What is the time period of Modern psychology era?
A
~1500 - ~1950
6
Q
What is the time period of Contemporary psychology era?
A
~1950 - now
7
Q
Is Ancient psychology era directly connected to psychology?
A
No, during this time they focused on general human factors.
8
Q
Which things happened in ancient psychology era?
A
M G E - G T I
- Mesopotamia (3500 BCE)
- Gilgamesh
- Egypt (3000 BCE)
- Greece (600 BCE) and the Islamic Golden Age (980 CE)
-
The doctrine of potentiality
* Potentiality
* Actuality -
Ibn Sina
* Physical environment
* Diet and Lifestyle
* Social environment
* Sensory Inputs
* Remedial Measures
9
Q
Who beat Frued to developing Theories of Dreams?
A
- Mesopotamians
- Babylonians
- Assyrians
10
Q
What did
1. Mesopotamians
1. Babylonians
1. Assyrians
believe about dreams?
A
- They believed that Dreams came from Gods, meaning that were a way for Gods to communicate guidance, warnings, or insights to humans — AND—
- Dream interpretation was used – to provide clarity, – make decisions, –or address emotional and spiritual concerns.
11
Q
Who was Gilgamesh?
A
Mesopotamian
12
Q
What did Gilgamesh (the Mesopotamian) think of himself?
A
That he is 2/3 God , 1/3 man , had Godlike powers, and human vulnerability.
13
Q
Who interpreted Gilgamesh’s dreams?
A
His mother
14
Q
How did Gilgamesh’s mother interpret his dreams?
A
She used his dreams to predict if he was going to win the war:
- If he had a dream with stromy weather in dreams, she intrepreted it as he would loose war.
- if he dreamed about sun, his mother would interept it as winning war.
- A lot of nightmare before war = it could mean he was reluctant to go to the war.
15
Q
How did Gilgamesh’s mother interpreted the following dream?
A
Gilgamesh and Enkidu are
climbing a mountain in an
earthquake
16
Q
How did Gilgamesh’s mother interpreted the following dream?
A
Gilgamesh and Enkidu proceed on a mission to kill nemeses Humbaba, where Enkidu (Gilgamesh’s friend) dies.
17
Q
Why did Gilgamesh’s mother interpret dreams as such?
A
Gilgamesh’s mother interpreted dreams because, in the Ancient Psychology era, – dreams were often seen as messages from divine beings or gods, – reflecting the era’s focus on general human factors – rather than – psychology in a scientific sense which did not exist during that time.
The Mesopotamians,– being among the earliest civilizations to develop Theories about dreams, – connected these interpretations to daily life events and challenges, – believing dreams carried symbolic meanings – that could guide decisions or predict outcomes.
18
Q
What did Egyptians believe about the heart and afterlife?
A
The Egyptians, influenced by the zeitgeist (spirit of the times) that emphasized spirituality, moral order, and cosmic balance, Believed the heart (not the brain) – was the – source of mental processes – and – determined afterlife eligibility. –
Unlike modern views that emphasize the brain’s role, they thought the brain merely functioned to cool the blood, much like “air conditioning.” –
They also weighed the heart against a feather (symbolizing purity and truth). – A heavier heart indicated impurity, fear, and anxiety, leading to denial of entry into the afterlife. This belief reflected their cultural focus on living ethically to maintain harmony with cosmic principles.
19
Q
Who were the first people
credited with developing
Psychological Systems.
A
Aristotle and Plato, and Ibn Sina.
20
Q
Who was the teacher of Plato? was
– Greece (600 BCE) and Islamic
Golden Age (980 CE)
A
Socrates
21
Q
Who was the teacher of Aristotle?
– Greece (600 BCE) and Islamic
Golden Age (980 CE)
A
Plato
22
Q
Which form did Socrates, Plato and Aristitle believe was the highest form of Human Intellect?
– Greece (600 BCE) and Islamic
Golden Age (980 CE)
A
Math
23
Q
Which Theory did Socrates, Plato and Aristitle come up with?
Golden Age (980 CE)
– Greece (600 BCE) and Islamic
A
Theory of Forms
24
Q
What did Theory of Form highlight?
– Greece (600 BCE) and Islamic
Golden Age (980 CE)
A
Importance of learning,
and acquiring knowledge.
25
What did "Socrates, Plato and Aristitle" --Greece (600 BCE) and Islamic
Golden Age (980 CE) -- believe about KNOWLEDGE and OPINION.
That they are -- **two different things**.
26
What did Aristotle do and study?
1. **Examined** and **created** -- **intricate data collection** of **human behaviour**, **emotions** and **cognitive processes**.
2. He created a textbook in which he classified **different plants,** **animals**, and **humans**. He thought **vegetation** was
**lowest form of life**, -- **animal** were **middle** -- and -- **humans** the **top form of life**. -- He believed **ant** is **lower** **form** of life **than horse**, -- **new**/**small** plant is
**lower** **form** of life than **old/big plant**, -- **not smart people** are **lower**
**form** of life **than smart people**.
3. He studied **Inductive** **Reasoning**.
27
What is **Inductive** **Reasoning** (Aristotle studies it.)
Golden Age (980 CE
| -- Greece (600 BCE) and Islamic
Making **generalization** from **observations**.
28
Which is the first collection of psychological data, and maybe the first "psychology" textbook and who wrote it?
**De Anima** , **Aristotle** wrote it.
29
What did Aristotle write in De Anima (first psychology book)?
**Classification** and **taxonomy**
- **categorizing plants**, **animals** and **humans**.
30
What did Aristotle recognize about animals?
That they -- **functioned**
like -- **humans** -- **but not completely**.
31
How did Aristotle believe about how would one understand human mind?
By **studying** -- the **physical**
**world** -- and --**humanity**.
32
What did The doctrine of potentiality consists of?
**Potentiality** and **Actuality**
33
Who studied what The doctrine of potentiality consists of?
**Aristotle**
34
What did Potentiality mean according to Aristotle?
A **seed** has -- the **potentiality** to become a **mature tree**, -- **given** the **right conditions**.
one can achieve their highest potential given right conditions.
35
What did Actuality mean according to Aristotle?
When **seed** **grows** into a **mature tree**, -- it has **actualized** its **potentiality**.
-- **Aristotle** believed that Human beings have the
**potentiality** to develop **virtuous** **qualities** and **reach** their **highest potential** through **ethical** **living**.
36
What did Aristotle believe about Potentiality and Actuality?
That they are
**interrelated** and **inseparable**.
37
What is Potentiality and Actuality?
**Potentiality** is the "**what**
**could be**," -- and -- ***Actuality*** is
the "***what is***."
38
Who stidied Plato's and Aristotle's work?
**Ibn Sina**
39
Why did Ibn sina heavily studied
Plato's and Aristotle's work?
To **advance** --
**ancient psychology** -- for the
**Islamic Golden Age**.
40
How did Ibn sina construct the soul?
**Identical to Aristotle**:
**Vegetative** > **Animal** > **Rational**
41
What did Ibn Sina say about Perception?
**Perception** -- occurs through **senses**, -- which is **processed** by "the **common sense**".
42
Ibn Sina went further than Aristotle's work and described aspect of humans. Give details.
1. Ibn sena acknowledged that **humans** have **5 senes** and also **common** **sense**. E.g., he said we **hear**, it reaches **ear**,, it gets **processed**, then we **say**/**act** based on **common sense**.
2. Believed that **humans** have **a level of consiousness**.
3. Discovered the **mind**.
4. Looked at **diseases** and **medicines**.
43
Which book recognized that Psychological factors play a role in physical diseases?
**The Canon of Medicine**
44
According to Ibn Sina's book **The Canon of Medicine** book - WHY do mental health problems arise?
Due to -- **Imbalances** of the **humors**:
* **Blood**
* **Yellow bile**
* **Black bile**
* **Phlegm**.
45
According to Ibn Sina based on his book 'The Cannon of Medicine,' what Diseases occur if there is Imbalace of Humors?
1. **Blood**: ***High blood pressure***, ***inflammation***, and ***hemorrhage***.
1. **Yellow bile**: ***Gallbladder disorders***, ***ulcers***, and ***heat-related illnesses***.
1. **Black bile**: ***Depression***, ***chronic*** ***gastrointestinal disorders***.
1. **Phlegm**: ***Asthma***, ***bronchitis***, ***sinusitis***.
46
What did Ibn sina believe what could Relieve
Emotional Distress and help **cure** Mental Illness?
**Music therapy**
47
According to Ibn Sina what could **treat** mental illness?
Understaing **person** **physically** and **spiritually**.
48
Who was one of the first person to propose psychosocial factors as a contributor to mental health? . Looked at environment, lifestyle and diet on well-being.
**Ibn Sina**
49
By looking at WHAT did Ibn Sina propose Psychosocial Factors as a contributor to Mental Health?
By looking at:
1. **Physical environment**
2. **Lifestyle** -- and -- **Diet** -- **on well-being**
3. **Social environment** (sensory inputs + remedial measures).
50
According to Ibn Sina what could Physical environmnet affect?
Both the
**body** and **mind**.
51
According to Ibn Sina what could Lifestyle and diet affect?
* Could **directly** impact
**mental health**.
* He looked at what **ACTIONABLE** things can we **do** to allow **people** to **get** **better**.
52
According to Ibn Sina what other role did he discover that could impact mental health?
**Social environment**
53
According to Ibn Sina what did **Social environment** consist of?
1. **Sensory inputs**.
2. **Remedial** **measures**.
54
According to Ibn sina what could a person do to avoid mental health issues in case of Sensory Inputs?
Should **not** to **exposed** to
**stimuli** that results is **humans having mental health** issues.
55
According to Ibn sina what does remedial measure mean/imply?
**What remedies can we do** to **get better mentally**.
56
Modern
Experimental Psychology -- FROM HERE
----
57
Who is debatably the father of Experimental Psychology?
**Weber-Fechner**
58
What did **Weber-Fechner** collaborate?
**Psychology** and **Physics**.
59
What was **Weber-Fechner** most important contribution?
**Weber-Fechner Law**
60
What is **Weber-Fechner Law**?
The **just-noticeable difference** -- **between two stimuli**
61
Give an example of **Weber-Fechner Law**?
62
What is the Log of stimulus magnitude related to?
Its **Perception**
63
Which experiment did **Weber-Fechner** conduct?
**Fechner's Day Experiment**
64
What is **Fechner's Day Experiment**?
**Friends** and **family** -- **examined stars** -- at **different background light levels**. ---- **Observed** **greater differences** -- in the **same stars** when **sky** was **darker**.
65
Give another example of **Fechner's Day Experiment**.
I cant see **UV rays in this room** but my **cat** **can**. -- Psychology see’s **how people react** to **different** **factors**.
66
Which law was the intro to Psychophysics?
**Weber-Fechner Law**
67
Which theory did **Weber-Fechner** introduce?
**Signal Detection theory**
68
What is **Signal Detection theory**?
**Methods** to measure **senses** and **perception**.
-- Basically **Type I error** and **Type II error**.
69
Memorize this example: smoke detector
70
What is Type I error and Type II error?
* **Type I**: **False alarm** (detecting something/fire that isn't there).
* **Type II**: **Miss** (failing to detect something/fire that is there).
71
Give an example of **Signal Detection theory** / **Type I error** and **Type II error**. - talk about zeitgist.
**Smoke detector** = it makes sound when fire = hit, if makes sounds when fire absent then false alarm, if n=does not make sound when fire happens then ‘miss’, if does not makes sound when fire absent then correct rejection. — **understaing that brain has more fixed pattern** that **look** at the **world** that we would need to attribute to humans. — it **allowed us** to look from this perspective. **idenfying humans** in this way looked at **neuroscience perspective**.
72
Type I error , Type II error opened gate to what/led to what new things further?
**G. Stanley Hall** work
73
What did **G. Stanley Hall** work on?
1. Established the first American psychology
research laboratory.
2. Trained John B. Watson!
3. Became the president of the APA in 1892, as well
as one of the founding members.
4. Is considered one of the founding fathers of developmental psychology.
5. Came up with theories on "normative psychology" - developmental patterns and milestones AND "Storm and stress" - theories on the stressful transformative years of adolescence.
6. Postulated theories on evolution and the
influence of biology. --Unfortunately, the upcoming psychologists completely resented this.
7. He was also a proponent of applied psychological theories, showing that it's not all
about clinical psychology.
74
Who established the First American Psychology Research Laboratory?
**G. Stanley Hall**
75
Who did G. Stanley Hall train?
**John B. Watson**
76
Who is considered one of the founding fathers of Developmental Psychology?
**G. Stanley Hall**
77
What theories did **G. Stanley Hall** introduce?
1. Theories on "**normative psychology**" -- ***developmental patterns*** and ***milestones***.
2. "**Storm and stress**" - theories on the ***stressful transformative years*** of ***adolescence***.
78
Which theories did G. Stanley Hall postulate/propose?
Theories on -- **evolution** -- and the -- **influence of biology**.
79
Unfortunately, what did the upcoming psychologists completely resent?
Postulated/proposed -- **Theories** on -- **Evolution** -- and the -- **Influence of Biology** by **G. Stanley Hall**.
80
Who proposed **Applied Psychological Theories** and **WHY**?
**G. Stanley Hall** because he **showed** that it's **not all about clinical psychology**.
81
Modern Psychology from here on --
--
82
What happened in Modern Psychology Era?
1. Focus on **experimental** modern psychology by **G.Stanley Hall** and neuroscience perspectives.
2. **Psychophysics**: Understanding **thresholds** in **sensory perception** (e.g., noticing hair growth over months).
3. **Evolutionary Psychology**:
Applying evolution to human biology and behavior.
4. **4 main schools of thought**:
* Structuralism
* Functionalism
* Behaviourism
* Cognition
83
What are the 4 main schools
of thought **or** 4 stepping stones of psychology **or** 4 models of psychology?
1. **Structuralism**
1. **Functionalism**
1. **Behaviourism**
1. **Cognition**
84
What was the focus of Structuralism?
* Focused on **breaking down mental processes** into **basic elements** (like ***sensations***, ***perceptions***, and ***emotions***).
* Used **introspection** (***self-examination of thoughts and feelings***) as the **primary method**. -- clients would report on how a stimulus made them feel.
* Emphasized the **structure of consciousness** rather than its **function**.
would measure reaction time.
## Footnote
In simple terms, it's about looking at **thoughts** and **feelings** **step by step** to better understand **how the mind works.**
85
Who are the 2 people that contributed to Structuralism?
1. **Wilhelm Wundt**
2. **Edward Titchener**
86
Who was **Wilhelm Wundt's** student?
**Edward Titchener**
87
What was the focus of Functionalism?
Study the **function** -- and --**purpose of mental processes** and **behaviour**.
* it was an overcorrection from structuralism
* we infer what happening in the mind based on behaviour. e.g., you are smiling that is why you are happy.
88
Who are the 2 people that contributed to Functionalism?
1. **William James**
2. **Thorndike**
89
What was the focus of Behaviourism?
**Rejected** the **Structuralism** and **Functionalism** -- **focused** **ONLY** -- on **observable** **behaviours**.
90
Who are the 3 people that contributed to Behaviourism?
1. **Albert Bandura**
1. **B.F. Skinner**
2. **John B. Watson**
## Footnote
Watson said: give me xx students i will turm them into engineer etc. -- 1 of his student commited suicide.
91
What was the focus of Cognition?
Emphasized **empirical research** -- for both **mental processes** -- and -- **behaviours**.
92
Who are the 2 people that contributed to Cognition?
1. **Elizabeth Loftus**
2. **Steven Pinker**
93
What is Structuralism concerned with?
Analyzing/understanding **conscious experiences** -- into **basic** **elements** -- to make **mental processes observable**.
94
Structuralism is concerned with
understanding **conscious experiences**
experiences. What does this includes?
P E T S:
1. **Sensations**
2. **Perceptions**
3. **Emotions**
4. **Thoughts**
95
Structuralism is concerned with understanding conscious experiences, which includes: sensations,
perceptions, emotions, and thoughts. How can these 4 be examined?
Via **Introspection** **primarily**, -- but
also through **instruments**. -- Like those that **measure** **reaction time**
96
What was the overarching idea of Structuralism?
That the **mind** could be **broken down** into **basic elements**.
97
What was Structioralism overtaken by?
**Functionalism**
98
see picture
--
99
Structuralism: what would people report?
**How** a **stimulus** would make them **think** or **feel**.
100
Structuralism: They would report how a stimulus would make people Think or Feel. Give example.
101
What did Wilhelm Wundt attempt to
study?
**Reaction time**: the **time** -- it **took** -- to -- **think** and **make decisions**.
102
Give an example of Reaction time.
103
Who was larger
proponent/supported of structuralism
compared to Wundt?
**Edward Titchener** (Wundt's student).
104
Who played more role in
establishing psychological as
empirical: Wilhelm Wundt or edward Titchner?
**Wilhelm Wundt**
105
How would/did Edward Titchner study?
He would be test people -- on their **ability** **to** -- **perceive words** or **physical objects**.
106
Give an example of How would/did Edward Titchner study.
107
108
Functionalism: What was William James' philosophies concerned with?
**WHY a behavior exists
in the first place**. -- Rather than "**What
is the mind**"?
109
Did Functionalism lean more on Nature or Nurture?
**Nurture**
110
Functionalism: what did the focus shift to?
Shifted focus to the -- **purpose of mental processes** -- in **adapting** to the **environment/nurture**.
Shifted focus to the -- **understanding** -- the -- **purpose of behavior** and **mental processes**.
111
What does Fuctionalism suggest?
It suggests -- we **infer feelings based** on **actions**.
112
Give example: It suggests -- we **infer feelings based** on **actions**.
113
What is Functionalism most famous for?
**Stream of Consciousness**
114
What does "Stream of consciousness" suggests?
**Thoughts** and **Feelings** -- **don't exist** in **isolation**, -- they are **interconnected**.
115
How does functionalism differ from structuralism?
**Structuralism** = **Focuses on individual thoughts** and **feelings**.
**Functionalism** = **Emphasizes** **behavior** and **practical applications**.
116
Who looked at Nature vs. Nurture?
**Francis Galton**
117
What did **Francis Galton** propose as a means to understand nature and nurture?
Proposed **looking** at **twin
studies**.
118
What was Francis Galton highly influenced by?
**Evolution**/**nature**
119
Nature vs. Nurture: govt. involvemnt example.
120
What was Francis Galton's belief about eugenics?
He proposed creating a "**superior**" race through **selective breeding**, -- later **discredited** for being **scientifically invalid.**
121
What did Hereditary Genius suggest?
That there was -- a **genetic component to** -- "**high achievers**".
122
Which lab did francis galton develop?
**Anthropometric lab**
123
What did Anthropometric lab collect?
Tons of **data** -- on **physical** and **psychological** **human traits **(***psychometrics***).
124
Which concepts did Francis Galton develop?
1. **Correlation**
1. **Regression analysis**
125
What did Francis Galton contribute to?
**Standard Deviation Proofs**
126
Edward Thorndike and t h e
Law of effect -- from here on--
---
127
What is the "Law of Effect"?
Behaviors followed by **positive consequences are repeated**; -- those followed by n**egative consequences are not**.
128
Who introduced the Law of effect?
**Edward Thorndike** (Functionalism).
129
What happens to the Behaviours that are followed by Positive consequences?
**Strengthened**
130
What happens to the Behaviours that are followed by Negative consequences?
**Weakened**
131
What is law of effect?
132
Behaviourism - the psychology
philosophy that was, and then wasn't -- from here on --
---
133
Why did Behaviourism take over Functionalism?
Because of it **research methodolgy** -- instead of **its ideas**.
134
In which century did Behaviourism emerge?
**20th century**
135
What does Behaviourism posits/states?
All behaviour is **learned** through
the **environment**/**nurture**. -- Namely, through **conditioning**.
136
What is an extremely popular school of thought and influential division of psychology that still persists/exists today?
**Behaviourism**
137
Is Behaviourism inherently wrong?
**No**, but it has considerable **criticism regarding its scope**.
138
What do Behaviourists think?
Everyone is
**essentially** a **robot** -- **operating** on **commands**.
139
Behaviourism interjections.... see picture.. Pavlov
140
How did previous behaviorists, particularly Thorndike, influence Skinner and Bandura?
Previous behaviorists **laid the groundwork** for **Skinner** and **Bandura**, -- especially through **Thorndike's Law of Effect**. ---- This law **stated** that **behaviors** have **consequences**, -- which can be either **positive** or **negative**, -- helping **shape** **future behavior**.
141
What was Skinner's contribution to Behaviorism?
Skinner's work was more **comprehensive**, showed **operant conditioning** in **humans**. -- He used **reinforcement** **scheduling** and **operant conditioning** boxes (**Skinner boxes**) to study **behavior** and its **responses to reinforcement**.
142
Contemporary Experimental
Psychology. from here on---
--from here on----
143
Which is the 4th Predominant school of thought?
**Cognitive Revolution**
144
There was a Paradigm shift away from
behaviourism, but a **massive** one. All of a
sudden who were everyone?
**Cognitive psychologist**
145
What did Cognitive psychology reintroduce?
The study of:
* **Mental processes**
* **Memory**
* **Perception**
* **Problem** **solving**
146
The advent of neuroscience
and computer technology allowed cognition to
flourish in what regards?
* **EEG**
* **fmRl**
* **Eye** **tracking**
147
What does Alison Gopnik (developmental psychologist) study/focus on?
Focuses strongly on **how children
learn**, -- **understand** -- and --**perceive** -- the **world**.
148
Which Theory did Alison Gopnik introduce?
**Theory of Mind**
149
Alison Gopnik introduced **Theory of Mind**: what does it means for children?
**How children** -- understand the **mental states** -- of other **people**.
150
Causal learning and exploring by children.
**How do children learn** to **play**, -- and how **do** **they** play with **others**?
151
Can Children manipulate variables in their
environment to discover how they work?
**Yes**
152
What type of parenting fosters children's curiosity and exploration?
**Supportive** and **responsive** **parenting**
153
Who famously likens children's thinking to that of scientists and authored "**The Scientist in the Crib**" and "The **Philosophical Baby**"?
**Alison Gopnik**
154
Who is Steven Pinker?
**Cognitive Psychologist**
155
What did Steven Pinker study/researched?
1. **Psycholinguistics**
2. **Cognition**
3. **Evolutionary** **psychology**
4. **Language** **acquisition**
5. **Grammar**
156
What did Steven Pinker say about Childrens innate ability to develop language.
Cross-culturally, language acquisition?
That children **HAVE** an **innate** **ability** to **develop** **language** --and that -- **Cross-culturally**, **language** **acquisition** is the **SAME**.
157
What did Steven Pinker say about the Linguistic Structer of Language?
Languages **vary** on **vocabulary** and **specific** **grammar** **rules**, -- but the **structure** is the **same**.
158
According to Steven Pinker what are Language features constrained by and not constrained by?
**Human cognition**, -- **not** **arbitrary** **rules**.
159
What is the Visual perception influenced by in Cognitive processing?
**Cognitive bias**
160
What is the Decision making influenced by between objects?
**Categories** -- and -- **causal** **relationships**
161
see image
--xx--
162
Who has appeared on several podcasts and is considered celebrity scientist?
**Steven Pinker**
163
Who is Daniel Kahneman?
**Behavioral economics**
164
What is Daniel Kahneman best know for?
Writing "**Thinking Fast**, and
**Slow**".
165
Which Theory did daniel Kahneman introduce?
**Prospect Theory**
166
What is **Prospect Theory** by Daniel kahneman?
People's choices are based often
**emotion** than **rationality**.
167
Give an example of that: People's choices are based often **emotion** than **rationality**.
**Winning the lottery**: Emphasizing losses over gains.
168
What is thinking Fast and Slow aka?
**System 1** and **System 2 thinking**
169
What is **System 1** and **System 2 thinking**?
***System 1***: **Fast**, **intuitive**, and **automatic thinking**.
***System 2***: **Slow**, **rational**, and **deliberate thinking**.
170
Give an example of What is **System 1** and **System 2 thinking**.
171
What is Anchoring bias?
People are **over-reliant** -- on the **first piece** of **information** -- they
**hear**.
172
Give an example of Anchoring bias.
In a **salary negotiation**, -- whoever makes the **first offer** -- establishes a **range of reasonable possibilities** - in each **person's mind**.
173
What is Availability heuristic?
People **overestimate -- the importance of information** -- that is **available** to them.
174
Give an example of Availability heuristic.
A person might **argue** that **smoking** is **NOT**
**unhealthy** -- because they know
someone **who lived to 100** and
smoked **three packs a day**.
175
What is Bandwagon effect?
The **probability** -- of **one person** adopting a **belief** -- **increases** -- based on **# of people** who hold that **belief**.
176
What is Bandwagon effect a powerful form of?
**Groupthink**
177
What is Blind-spot bias?
**Failing** to **recognize** -- your **own cognitive bias** -- is a bias in **itself**.
178
Blind-spot bias: Do people notice cognitive
and motivational biases much
more in others than in
themselves?
**Yes**
179
What is Choice-supportive bias?
When you **choose** **something**, -- you tend to **feel positive**, -- even if that **choice** has **flaws**.
180
Give an example of What is Choice-supportive bias?
Like **how you think your dog is
awesome** - even if it **bites**
**people** **every** **once in a while.**
181
What is Clustering illusion?
This is the tendency to -- **see
patterns -- in random events.**
182
Give an example of clustering illusion?
**Gambling fallacies**, --like the idea that **red is more or less likely to turn up**
-- on a roulette table **after a string
of reds**.
183
What is Confirmation bias?
We tend to **listen** only to
**information** -- that **confirms** our
**preconceptions**.
184
Give an example of Confirmation Bias.
185
What is Conservatism bias?
Where people -- **favor prior evidence** -- over new evidence -- and are **slow to accept** the **new evidence**.
186
Give an example of What is Conservatism bias.
Prior evidence = **earth was flat**
New evidence = **earth is round.**
People were **slow to accept that earth is round.**
187
Who is Elizabeth Loftus?
**Cognitive/forensic psychologist**
188
What Elizabeth Loftus best known for?
**Eyewitness testimony**
189
According to Elizabeth loftus when does problem arises during Eyewitness Testimony?
When police/etc "**Lead the witness**"
190
Give an example of leading the witness.
Police use **suggestion**, **leading
questions**, or provide **false
information**.
191
Can people easily misremember?
**Yes**
192
Is memory fillable?
**Yes**
193
Is the Implantation of false memories possible?
**Yes**
194
Give an example of Implantation of false memories.
**Imagine a time you got sick from
eating peach yogurt.**
195
Implantation of false memories: Give an example of Source monitoring.
"What **colour was his jacket**", police officer has **green jacket hanging** on the **door**.
196
Who is named one of the world's 100 most influential psychologists?
**Elizabeth Loftus**
197
What were the books that **Elizabeth Loftus** wrote?
1. **Eyewitness Testimony**
1. **The myth of repressed memory**
198
What was Zeitgeist of the Cognitive Psychology Era: **Dominant Values, Beliefs, and Attitudes**?
1. Emphasis on **scientific understanding** of mental processes.
2. **Belief** in the **mind** as an **information-processing system**, similar to a **computer**.
3. Focus on **internal mental states** rather than just **observable behavior**.
199
What was Zeitgeist of the Cognitive Psychology Era: **Concerns**?
1. How humans **perceive**, **process**, **store**, and **retrieve** information.
2. Understanding **memory**, **mental process**, **perceptoin**, **problem-solving**, **decision-making**, and **language acquisitio**n.
200
What was Zeitgeist of the Cognitive Psychology Era: **Hopes and Fears**?
**Hope**: To **improve** **education**, **artificial intelligence**, and human-computer interactions through cognitive insights.
**Fear**: Misuse of **cognitive research in areas** like **manipulative** **advertising** or **AI control**.
201
What was Zeitgeist of the Cognitive Psychology Era: **Prevailing Ideas about Mind, Self, and Human Nature**?
1. The mind is an **active processor of information** rather than a **passive receiver.**
1. Human **nature** is shaped by **cognitive** **structures** that guide **behavior** and **adaptation**.
