Class 7 - Clinical Psychology - History of Clinical Practice Flashcards
(118 cards)
1
Q
What is Zeitgeist?
A
What were the following of particular historical period:
1. What were the dominant values, – beliefs, –and attitudes?
2. What were people concerned about
3. What were their hopes – and –fears?
4. What were the prevailing ideas about the mind, – the self, – and – human nature?
5. Think of it as the collective consciousness of a historical period, influenced by major events, social trends, technological advancements, and philosophical currents.
2
Q
A
3
Q
A
4
Q
A
5
Q
What are the key factors that influence a drug’s effect besides its action (Agonist, Antagonist)?
A
E P - A D
- Efficacy
- Potency
- Affinity
- Duration
6
Q
What is Efficacy?
A
How STRONG – of an EFFECT – a drug produces.
7
Q
What is Potency?
Which drug has high Potency?
A
- How MUCH – of an drug – is needed – to produce an EFFECT.
- Fentanyl.
8
Q
What is Affinity?
A
How STRONGLY – a drug – BINDS – to a receptor.
9
Q
What is Duration?
A
How LONG – a drug – STAYS binded – to the receptor.
10
Q
Why is Naloxone effective against Fentanyl?
2 MCQ on Exam!
A
Naloxone has a stronger affinity – for opioid receptors – than Fentanyl, – so it can displace Fentanyl – and reverse its effects.
11
Q
What allows Fentanyl to bind to opioid receptors?
2 MCQ on Exam!
A
Fentanyl has – a high affinity for opioid receptors, – meaning it binds strongly and activates them.
12
Q
Why are multiple doses of Naloxone sometimes needed for Fentanyl overdose?
2 MCQ on Exam!
A
Fentanyl has a longer duration – than Naloxone, – meaning it stays in the body longer, – requiring multiple doses – of Naloxone to counteract its effects.
13
Q
How does the potency of Fentanyl compare to Naloxone?
2 MCQ on Exam!
A
Fentanyl has a higher potency than Naloxone, – so even a small amount of Fentanyl – may require a large or very large amount – of Naloxone – to reverse its effects.
14
Q
What is the efficacy of Fentanyl and Naloxone?
2 MCQ on Exam!
A
Both Fentanyl and Naloxone have high efficacy, — meaning they produce – strong effects – compared to other drugs.
15
Q
How can increasing the potency of street drugs impact Naloxone?
2 MCQ on Exam!
A
If street drugs become too potent, – Naloxone might stop working, making overdoses – harder to treat.
16
Q
ANCIENT PHARMACOLOGY
(before ~1500s)
– from here on –
A
(before ~1500s)
17
Q
What two ingredients that make up Ayahuasca?
A
It’s Leaves contain:
- Psychedelic hallucination-inducing source (i.e., DMT source).
- And MAOI source.
18
Q
How long does it takes for Ayahuasca to clear the body upon consumption if it is not combined with MAOI?
A
It clears the body within minutes
19
Q
What are the key properties of DMT in terms of:
Efficacy
Potency
Affinity
Duration
A
DMT has:
- High Efficacy (produces strong effects)
- High Potency (works at low doses)
- High Affinity (binds strongly to receptors)
- Short Duration (unless combined with an MAOI).
20
Q
Does Ayahuasca allows our imagination to run wild?
A
Yes
21
Q
What does Ayahuasca does to our conciousness?
Give example.
A
It manipulates – our state of consciousness.
Example, people took it to escape anxiety and depression (even though these terms were not discovered then).
22
Q
What was the Goal of Ayahuasca?
And what approach did it incorporate?
A
To transport an individual to the ‘OTHER WORLD,’ – incorporating a spirital belief – and – approaching hollistic approach connecting mind, body and soul.
23
Q
Why is it difficult to determine the early use of Ayahuasca?
A
Because of – lack written descriptions – and – physical evidence.
24
Q
What evidence exists of ancient Ayahuasca use?
A
Traces of Ayahuasca – have been found – in Inca mummies, – suggesting its use in ancient times.
25
Why Ayahuasca may have been used in ancient pharmacology?
It may have been used for:
* **Rituals** that **strengthened community bonds**
* **Reinforced social hierarchies**
* **Possibly** for **medicinal purposes**
26
Explain this image.
1. **Leaves** contain:
* **Psychedelic hallucination-inducing source** (i.e., **DMT source**).
* And **MAOI source**.
DMT has:
* **High Efficacy** (produces strong effects)
* **High Potency** (works at low doses)
* **High Affinity** (binds strongly to receptors)
* **Short Duration** (unless combined with an MAOI).
It **manipulates** -- **our state of consciousness**.
**GOAL**: To **transport** an **individual** to the '**OTHER WORLD**,' -- **incorporating** a **spirital belief** -- and -- **approaching hollistic approach** ***connecting*** ***mind***, ***body*** and ***soul***.
Records of early Ayahuasca -- **lack written descriptions** -- and -- **physical evidence**.
**Traces** of **Ayahuasca** -- have been found -- in **Inca** **mummies**, -- **suggesting** its **use** in **ancient** **times**.
It may have been used -- for **rituals** that **strengthened community bonds**, -- **reinforced social hierarchies,** and **possibly** for **medicinal purposes**.
27
Why might Indigenous South Americans have used **psychedelics** like **Mushrooms**?
To:
* **Escape reality**
* **Explore unconsciousness**
* **Address anxiety or depression**
28
What is the connection between **dreams** and **psychedelic use** of **Mushrooms** etc.?
* **Dreams** = give **access to the mind.**
* **Psychedelics** = may **enhance** this **exploration**, **similar** to **ancient theories** from figures like **Gilgamesh** and **Freud**.
* It's **human innature nature to interpret dreams**. -- There is a reason **why during different timelines humans focus on interpreting dreams**. -- Sikhsim explain it is the **only time when our mind awakens** and dreams act as a reminder that we humans have **1 purpose in life that is go back to our home**, meaning **merge with 1 consciousness** instead of neing an individual consciousness atm.
29
Why do humans try to modify consciousness?
**Human** try to **modify consiousness** troughout different timelines using ***ayahuasca***, ***mushrooms***, ***weed***, ***opoid***, ***drugs*** -- to **escape reality**, **address anxiety or depression** -- because we are **biologically wired** to **opt measures** until we **reach the state of happiness**.
30
How do **Marijuana** and **Ayahuasca** **differ** in their effects, -- and -- **what does our drug use reveal about human behavior**?
* **Marijuana** helps **calm** **anxiety** and **provides pain relief**, -- while **Ayahuasca** **does not**.
* **Marijuana** has been **used** **medicinally** for **anti-anxiety**, **anti-depression**, and **pain management**.
* Our use of drugs often **focuses** on **immediate relief** -- rather than **understanding the root cause of pain** or **psychological issues**. For example, ***instead of investigating the cause of back pain, we take medication to make the pain go away***.
31
Who recorded the earliest known use of cannabis, and for what purpose?
**Emperor Shen Nung** documented its **medicinal use** for ailments like :
* ***gout***
* ***malaria***
32
What was the name of the book in which **Emperor Shen Nung** documented its **medicinal use **for ailments like ***gout***, ***rheumatism***, and ***malaria***
**Pharmacopoeia**
33
What was Marijuana widely used in history for?
* **Pain relief**
* **Religious ceremonies** and **Rituals**
* **Introspection**
* **Meditation**
34
What Zeitgeist does the following reflect: Marijuana has a wide history of use for many things like: pain relief, religious ceremonies and rituals, introspection and meditation.
* **Our desire to alleviate suffering**
* **Search for meaning**
* **Seek connection**
35
What is the earliest written record of cannabis use, and what does its history reveal about human nature?
* The earliest record comes from **Emperor Shen Nung**, who **documented** its **medicinal properties for ailments like gout, rheumatism, and malaria.**
* Throughout history, **marijuana** has been used for **pain relief, religious ceremonies, introspection, and meditation**—reflecting **ZEITGEIST** like **humanity’s desire to alleviate suffering, seek meaning, and seek connection.**
36
Where does opium come from, and what is derived from it?
* Opium is derived from the **nectar** of the **poppy plant**.
* **Morphine**, a powerful **painkiller**, is **extracted** from **opium**.
37
Why was opium used in Ancient Egypt?
Ancient Egyptians used opium **to calm noisy children** —though this **approach** **overlooked** the **root cause of distress**.
38
How is opium consumed?
* Opium can be **inhaled**
* **Consumed orally**
* **Diluted in alcohol**
* **Stronger forms** like ***heroin*** or ***fentanyl*** can be **injected in vein using IV needle**.
39
How do Opioids, like morphine, work in the brain?
**Opioids**, like ***morphine***, **mimic** ***endorphins***—**natural painkillers in the brain**. -- They **BIND** (**Affinity**) to o**pioid receptors**, **reducing** **pain signal transmission.**
40
Why has opium been widely used across cultures?
Opium has been valued for its **euphoric** and **pain-relieving properties**,-- often used as a **quick** **solution** rather than **addressing** the **underlying issue**.
41
What is opium, how is it consumed, and why has it been widely used?
Explain picture
Opium is derived from the **nectar** of the **poppy** plant and can be **inhaled**, taken as a **tincture**, or consumed **orally**. Stronger forms like heroin or fentanyl can be **injected intravenously**.
Across cultures, opium has been **valued** for its **pain-relieving and euphoric properties**, often used as a **quick solution rather than addressing the root cause of pain or distress**.
42
How far back does opium poppy cultivation date?
**Archaeological** finds in **Switzerland** suggest **opium poppy** cultivation dates **back to 6000 BCE.**
43
What did the Sumerians call opium, and what does it mean?
The Sumerians called opium "**Hul Gil**," -- meaning "**joy plant**," -- **indicating** its **euphoric effects** were **recognized early**.
44
Why was opium used in Ancient Egypt?
Egyptians extensively cultivated opium for:
* **Pain relief**
* **Sedation**
* **Treating various ailments**
45
Which historical physicians studied and documented opium’s medical uses?
| -- Islamic Golden Age
Physicians like -- **Al-Razi** -- and -- **Ibn Sina** -- extensively **studied** and **documented** opium's **therapeutic applications.**
46
How was opium used in early medicine?
Opium was used as a -- **treatment** -- for **various ailments** -- and **in early surgical procedures** for **Pain Relief** and **Sedation**.
47
What was the role of Bimaristans in opium use?
Bimaristans -- (**early hospitals during the Islamic Golden Age**) -- used **opium** to:
* **Sedate patients**
* **Relieve pain**
48
Why are some natural drugs, like opium, banned today?
Due to -- **Overuse** -- and -- **Addiction Concerns**, -- many **natural drugs** have been **banned**, even though they were **Historically Effective** for **Pain Relief**.
49
How does modern pharmaceutical/pharmacology focus differ from historical drug use?
**Pharmaceutical/Pharmacology** focus on **profit**, -- often replacing **natural drugs** with **synthetic alternatives** -- rather than -- using them in **controlled**, **minimal doses**.
50
What was opium used for in ancient medicine?
Explain picture.
Opium was used for **pain relief,** **sedation**, and **treating ailments.** It was also used **in early surgeries** to **reduce pain** and **induce sedation**, with historical records showing its use in **Bimaristans** (early hospitals).
51
MODERN
PHARMACOLOGY
(~1500s to ~1950s)
-- from here on--
(~1500s to ~1950s)
-- from here on--
52
Why did NOT synthesized drugs emerge before the modern period?
Because there **was no perceived need** for them **before industrialization**.
53
What SOCIETAL change led to the invention of modern drugs?
**Industrialization**, -- which **moved** **people from rural areas** to **cities**, -- **exposing** them to **Pollution**, **Noise**, and **Stress**.
54
How did industrialization affect mental health?
It caused:
* **Stress**
* **Insomnia**
* **Anxiety**,
**leading** to a **demand** for **medications**.
55
What role did trust in science play in drug development?
**Society** believed in **medical** **advancements** -- and -- **sought** **QUICK FIXES** through -- **medication**.
56
What was "**neurasthenia**"?
A **condition** -- caused by **industrialization**, -- **characterized** **by**:
* **Headaches**
* **Sleeplessness**
* **Tension**
57
Why were drugs like Bromide created?
**Initially** for **seizures**, -- but **later** -- used to **manage** **neurasthenia**.
58
What led to recognizing benzodiazepines as more dangerous than previously thought?
A **pattern** of **drug** **development** continued, with **later reclassifications** (e.g., ***bromide***).
59
How did industrialization lead to the rise of modern drugs?
Industrialization moved people from rural areas to cities, exposing them to pollution, noise, and stress. This led to widespread issues like insomnia, anxiety, and "neurasthenia," characterized by headaches and tension. Society, trusting science, sought quick medical fixes. Early drugs like Potassium Bromide were first used for seizures but later helped with neurasthenia. This pattern of drug development continued, with later reclassifications, such as recognizing benzodiazepines as more dangerous than previously thought.
60
How did trust in science contribute to the rise of modern drug use?
A: Science was seen as solving all problems, leading people to trust doctors as its representatives. Early drugs were given directly to people without first being tested on animals. Mental illness was "medicalized," treated like a common cold—something to be fixed rather than understood. The success of Bromides increased demand for stronger drugs, leading to substances like Chloral Hydrate, which was used to manage anxiety and insomnia, reinforcing the idea of drugs as a primary treatment.
61
Why did people trust doctors as representatives of science?
**Doctors** were **seen** -- as the **face** of **science**, --- and **since** **science** was **solving** **many problems**, --- people **trusted** **doctors** and the **drugs** they **prescribed**.
62
How were early drugs tested before being given to people?
**Initially**, **drugs** were **given** **straight** to **people**, -- often those with **mental** **health** **conditions**, -- **without** first being **tested** on **animals**.
63
How did Bromides influence the development of new drugs?
**Bromides** were **effective** and **widely** **used**, -- **sparking** **demand** for **stronger** and **more accessible drugs**, -- **leading** to the **expansion** of **pharmaceutical** **treatments**.
64
How did the **medicalization of mental illness** change society's view of mental health?
Mental illness **was** **treated** like a **cold**—an **inconvenience** to be **fixed** with **drugs** -- **rather** **than** something **to** be **deeply understood**.
65
What was Chloral Hydrate, and how did it differ from Bromides?
**Unlike Bromides**, which had **medical** **uses**, -- Chloral Hydrate was **created** **specifically** to **Manage** **Anxiety**, **Insomnia**, and other conditions, -- **showing** the **growing acceptance** of **drugs** as **primary** **treatments**.
66
How did trust in science contribute to the rise of modern drug use?
Science was seen as solving all problems, leading people to trust doctors as its representatives. Early drugs were given directly to people without first being tested on animals. Mental illness was "medicalized," treated like a common cold—something to be fixed rather than understood. The success of Bromides increased demand for stronger drugs, leading to substances like Chloral Hydrate, which was used to manage anxiety and insomnia, reinforcing the idea of drugs as a primary treatment.
67
How did industrialization, psychology, and pharmacology shape the rise of modern drug use?
**-- slides followed--**
**-- slides followed--**
68
How did drug advancements address side effects?
**Instead** of **fixing** **side effects**, -- **drugs** were often **rebranded** **based** on **its side effect.**
Example:
* **marketing** a **drug** as a **sleep aid** -- when **drowsiness** was a **side effect**.
69
Why did people turn to drugs instead of psychological solutions?
People **wanted** **immediate results**. -- The **frustration** of **slow progress** -- made **drugs** an **attractive QUICK FIX**, -- **leading** to a **preference** for **pharmacology** over **psychology**.
70
How did industrialization contribute to increased drug use?
Industrialization caused **stress** and **discomfort**, -- creating **desperation** for **solutions**. -- People **turned** **to** **drugs** -- as a **way** to **feel better instantly**.
71
What was the first pharmaceutical sedative-hypnotic drug?
**Chloral Hydrate**, introduced in 1869.
72
What was Wilhelm Wundt’s contribution to psychology?
He **established** -- the **first experimental psychology lab**, -- **marking** the **beginning** of **psychology** as a **scientific discipline**.
73
How did Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer contribute to psychology?
In 1895, they **published** **Studies** on **Hysteria**, which helped **shape psychoanalytic theory**.
74
Why did people have faith in science despite its drawbacks?
A: Industrialization and scientific progress were seen as forces for societal advancement, leading people to trust medical and pharmaceutical innovations.
75
How did industrialization, psychology, and pharmacology shape the rise of modern drug use?
Explain picture.
* **Industrialization** caused **stress**, leading** people to seek quick relief** through **drugs** rather than **slow psychological solutions**.
* Science was **revered**, and **pharmacology** gained **trust** over psychology as **people wanted immediate results**.
* Early drugs like **Chloral Hydrate** (1869) and Phenobarbital (1903) were **introduced** to **address** **distress**, often **repurposed based on side effects**.
* While **psychology advanced with figures** like **Wundt** (1879) and **Freud** (1895), the growing demand for **instant fixes led to widespread drug use and abuse**, reinforcing **faith in pharmacology despite its risks.**
76
What major shift in drug use occurred after the 1940s?
The **rise** of **Consumerism** and **Advertising** -- **led** to **Increased Drug Sales** -- and -- **Overprescription**, -- **causing** **skyrocketing deaths** from **overdose**, **suicide**, and **side effects**.
77
How did WWII impact drug use and mental health?
**PTSD** cases **increased** **after** **WWII**, -- **leading** to **higher demand** -- for **pharmaceutical treatments**, -- **contributing** to **widespread** **drug use**.
78
What types of drugs emerged in the 1930s and 1940s?
**Amphetamines** (1930s), **Lithium** (1940s) became widely used, often **overprescribed** and **abused**.
79
Why did barbiturate-related deaths lead to government intervention?
**High-profile deaths**, like **Marilyn Monroe** in the **1960s**, -- **raised** **concerns**, --- leading to **prescription limits** in 1970.
80
How did consumerism, overprescription, and government intervention shape modern drug regulation?
After **WWII**, PTSD cases **surged**, and **pharmaceutical drugs** like Amphetamines, Lithium, and Antihistamines (1930s–1940s) became **widespread**. The rise of **consumerism and advertising** in the 1940s led to aggressive drug marketing, **overprescription, and skyrocketing overdose deaths.** **Barbiturate abuse** became a crisis, highlighted by high-profile deaths like Judy Garland and **Marilyn Monroe** in the 1960s. Public concern forced **government action, leading to stricter prescription regulations** in 1970, **marking a shift toward recognizing drug-related risks**.
81
How did doctors contribute to the destigmatization of mental health?
As **psychiatric** **drugs** became more **common** -- in the **20th century**, -- **doctors** played **a key role** -- in **reducing mental health stigma** by **Framing Mental Illness as Treatable**. --- However, this **also led to increased reliance** on **pharmaceuticals**, -- overshadowing **psychological treatments**.
82
How did pharmaceutical companies impact doctors and psychology?
Pharmaceutical companies **capitalized** on **doctors' authority**, -- **shifting focus** from **psychology** to **prescription drugs for profit**.
83
What are the pros and cons of psychological treatment for mental health?
**Pros**:
* **Encourages holistic understanding**
* **Helps uncover root causes**, **individual-focused**
* **Contributes to brain research**.
**Cons**:
* **Cannot treat severe conditions like schizophrenia** alone
* **Difficult to find a therapist**
* **Requires long-term commitment**
84
What are the pros and cons of pharmacological treatment for mental health?
**Pros**:
* Addresses both physical and mental symptoms
* Meds increases motivation
**Cons**:
* **Provides** a **temporary fix**
* **Can** **lead** to **withdrawal symptoms**
* **Does not address underlying causes**
85
How did the 20th century shape mental health treatment?
The **professionalization** of **medicine** gave **doctors greater authority**, **increasing** **trust** in **science** and **pharmaceuticals**. This **led** to a **SHIFT** from **asylums** to **consumer-driven mental healthcare**, **increasing** **medication use** while **reducing public funding for psychological care**.
86
How did the rise of psychiatric drugs impact mental health treatment in the 20th century?
Explain picture.
* **Psychiatric drugs helped reduce the stigma around mental illness** but led to **over-reliance on medication.**
* **Pharmaceutical companies gained influence**, **psychology lost prominence**.
* **Treatment shifted** from **asylums** to a **consumer-driven, medication-focused approach**.
87
Contemporary Pharmacology
-- **from ~1950s - now** --
**from ~1950s - now**
88
How did society view people with schizophrenia before Chlorpromazine?
They were **marginalized** and often **treated** as **less than human/ like animals**.
89
What changed when science introduced Chlorpromazine?
The drug **appeared** to "**FIX**" **schizophrenia**, -- **changing** **perceptions** -- and -- **giving HOPE for treatment.**
90
How did the introduction of Chlorpromazine affect the public’s view of doctors?
**Doctors** were seen as **gods**, -- **capable** of -- **curing mental illness** -- with **medicine**.
91
What (negative) happened when Chlorpromazine was seen as a miracle drug?
It was **overprescribed** -- to **people** -- who **didn’t** have **schizophrenia**, --- **leading** to **severe side effects**.
92
What new scientific question emerged from the success of Chlorpromazine?
Scientists started **wondering** -- if **diseases** had a **genetic cause** -- and -- if **genes** could be **altered** -- to **eliminate disorders**.
93
Why is it incorrect to assume mental illnesses are purely genetic?
**No disorder** is **purely** **genetic**—an **environmental trigger** -- is **needed** -- to **activate** the **condition**.
94
How did the Disease Model influence mental health treatment?
It led to the **belief** -- that **one drug** could **treat**-- all **disorders**, --- which **oversimplified** **mental health**.
95
What HOPE did Chlorpromazine give to mental health care?
It gave **HOPE** that **people** with **mental illnesses** -- could **recover**, --- leading to **advancements** in **psychiatric treatment**.
96
How did Chlorpromazine impact the treatment of mental illness and shape perceptions of psychiatric care?
Initially, **society marginalized** individuals with **schizophrenia**, believing their condition was **untreatable**.
The **introduction** of **Chlorpromazine** in the 1950s changed this perspective, as it was seen as a “**wonder drug**” that could **reduce symptoms**, leading to **hope** for **recovery**.
This elevated doctors' status, as they were perceived as “**fixing**” mental illness. However, **overprescription** of the drug extended beyond schizophrenia, **causing severe side effects**. The success of Chlorpromazine also **fueled the disease model of mental illness,** leading to a search for **genetic causes of psychiatric disorders**. Yet, **contemporary** understanding recognizes that genetics alone do not determine mental illness—**environmental factors also play a crucial role**.
This shift has influenced a more **targeted and holistic approach** to treating disorders like anxiety and depression rather than a **one-drug-fits-all solution.**
97
How did Chlorpromazine contribute to the deinstitutionalization of mental health care?
Chlorpromazine **reduced** **symptoms** of **schizophrenia**, -- leading to **mass deinstitutionalization** -- as patients were **discharged**. -- This **reinforced** a **medication-first approach**, -- shifting care from **personalized support** -- to **outpatient services**.
98
How did the rise of Biological Psychiatry impact the perception of mental illness?
Biological Psychiatry **promoted** -- the **Disease model** and “**chemical imbalance**” **theory**, -- **framing** **mental disorders** as **purely Biological Impairments** -- needing **medication-based solutions**. --This **reduced** the influence of **psychoanalysis**.
99
What were the unintended consequences of deinstitutionalization?
The **release** of **mental health patients** -- **increased** societal visibility of **mental illness**, -- leading to **greater stigma and discrimination.** -- Many **patients lacked proper community support**.
100
How did Chlorpromazine influence mental health care and the rise of the disease model?
+
How did the success of Chlorpromazine contribute to the rise of the Disease Model in psychiatry?
Chlorpromazine led to **deinstitutionalization**, shifting **mental health care from personalized support to a medication-first approach.**
-- This reinforced **Biological Psychiatry,** promoting the **disease model **and the “**chemical imbalance” theory**.
While it **reduced** **psychoanalysis**' influence, it also increased stigma and l**eft many patients without proper community support.**
**Chlorpromazine’s effectiveness in treating schizophrenia** **reinforced** -- the **idea** that **mental illness** could be **treated** like **physiological diseases.** -- This **led** to a **biological psychiatry boom**, prioritizing **drug therapies** for **all mental health conditions**, **despite** **limited** **understanding** of **neurotransmitter imbalances.** -- The **push** for **medication** -- **overshadowed** -- **holistic care** and **alternative treatments**.
101
What unexpected effect did **Iproniazid** have **on TB** **patients**?
Iproniazid, originally used to treat TB, was found -- to **elevate** **patients' mood**, -- leading to its **repurposing** -- as **one** of the **first antidepressant**s.
102
What BELIEF did the sucess of drugs, e.g., Chlorpromazine lead to?
The **BELIEF** that **mental disorders** -- were **caused** -- by **chemical imbalances** -- and **required** **pharmaceutical solutions**.
103
What were the pros and cons of expanding the Disease Model?
✅ **Pro:** Shifted mental illness from a **character flaw** to a **medical condition,** -- **reducing stigma.**
❌ **Con**: Led to **overreliance** on **medication** -- while **neglecting** -- **social**, **psychological**, and **environmental** **factors** in **treatment**.
104
How did the **GI Bill** impact psychological research **after** **WWII**?
The **GI Bill** -- **injected** **significant funding** into **psychological research**, -- partly in **recognition** of **psychologists' roles** during the **wars**, -- leading to **increased** **focus** -- on **developing new drugs** -- for **mental health issues**, especially ***PTSD***.
105
What role did the **Thalidomide** tragedy play in **drug development**?
The **Thalidomide tragedy** **led** to:
* A **greater emphasis** -- on **ethical research practices**.
* **Implementation** of **rigorous testing** -- to **ensure** the **safety**.
* **Efficacy** of **new drugs**.
| rigorous = extremely thorough, exhaustive, or accurate.
106
How did the focus on animal research change in the mid-20th century?
Animal research -- **previously** **lacked** -- **attention** to **ethical concerns** -- and **robust** **methodologies**. -- However, from the **1950s** to **1970s**, **animal rights groups** -- **pushed** for **greater ethical scrutiny** -- and more **explicit**, **comprehensive** **methodologies** in **animal research**.
107
How did **ethical concerns** in **animal research** evolve post-WWII?
Ethical concerns surrounding animal research **grew significantly**, -- as **animal rights groups** -- **raised awareness**-- about **animal treatment**, --- prompting **more** **ethical standards** -- and -- **transparency** -- in **research practices.**
108
How did WWII, the GI Bill, and the Thalidomide tragedy impact psychological and animal research?
Explain attached picture.
**After WWII**, the **GI** **Bill** **funded** **psychological research,** focusing on **mental health treatments** like ***PTSD***.
The **Thalidomide tragedy** -- led to **more ethical drug development with rigorous safety testing**.
Meanwhile, **animal research gained** attention, and **animal rights groups promoted ethical standards** -- and -- **transparent** **methodologies** in **animal research**.
109
What was **benzodiazepines** marketed for?
They were marketed -- **as a safe treatment** -- for -- **Anxiety** and **Insomnia** -- but **later** -- became **Highly Addictive** and **widely** **Abused**.
110
What **neurotransmitter** system do benzodiazepines affect?
Benzodiazepines are **GABA** **agonists**, -- meaning they **enhance** **GABA** **activity** -- by **holding open** the **receptor** channel **longer**, -- leading to **sedation** and **relaxation**.
111
What are the **risks** associated with benzodiazepines?
* **Cognitive impairment**
* **Rapid dependence**
* **Severe withdrawal symptoms** (***psychosis***, ***death***)
112
How did benzodiazepines **impact public health**?
**Initially** seen as **safer alternatives** to barbiturates, benzodiazepines -- became **one** of the **most** **dangerous** -- and **widely** **Abused Prescription Drugs**.
113
What is the **current/contemporary stance** on benzodiazepines?
Due to their **high potential** for **Addiction** -- and -- **Withdrawal** **dangers**, **Legislation** has **Decreased** **Prescriptions**, -- limiting access despite **Patients**’ **Dependence**.
114
What was the impact of benzodiazepines on mental health treatment?
explain picture.
**Marketed** as a “**safer**” **alternative** to **barbiturates**, **benzodiazepines** (e.g., ***Valium***, ***Librium***) became **widely prescribed for anxiety, insomnia**, and **seizures**.
**However, they caused rapid dependence**, **cognitive impairment,** and **severe withdrawal symptoms** (delirium tremens, psychosis, death).
Today, they are one of the **most dangerous and abused drugs**, **leading** to **stricter** **prescription regulations**.
115
What was the **next** major **psychiatric drug** after benzodiazepines?
**Prozac** (an **SSRI**), -- followed by **SNRIs** -- and **atypical antipsychotics.**
116
How did the GI Bill, animal welfare movements, and the thalidomide tragedy **influence drug development**?
They **led** to:
* The **rollout** of **medications** that **were** more **effective**
* **Had fewer side effects**
* **Were researched more ethically**.
117
What was the **public’s reaction** to the pharmaceutical industry's role in psychiatric medication development?
**Over time**, -- **negative perceptions** of the pharmaceutical industry **grew**.
118
How has public perception influenced mental health treatment?
OR
What is the change happening in today's world?
**Interest** in **alternative medicine** -- and -- **holistic approaches** has **grown**, -- **leading** to a **gradual shift** -- **back toward** -- **counseling-based treatments.**
