Class 3

Question 1

What is the menstrual cycle?

Answer 1

A cycle process whereby the endometrial lining is shed if implantation of a conceptus has not occured

Question 2

What is Menarche?

Answer 2

When Menstrual cycle begins (10 - 14 years)

Question 3

What is Menopause?

Answer 3

When Menstrual cycle ends (45-55 years)

Question 4

How many days in the average menstrual cycle?

Answer 4

28 days

Question 5

What are the 3 phases of the menstrual cycle?

Answer 5

THE MENSTRUAL PHASE (days 1-5)
THE PROLIFERATIVE PHASE (days 6-14)
THE SECRETORY PHASE (days 15-28)

Question 6

What happens in the Menstrual Phase?

Answer 6

• ENDOMETRIUM DEGENERATES
• SLOUGHS OFF THE MYOMETRIUM
• EXPELLED AS MENSES
• TYPICALLY 12-24 HOURS OF HEAVY FLOW, WITH LESS FLOW FOR THE NEXT 4-7 DAYS

Question 7

What happens in the Proliferative Phase?

Answer 7

REGROWTH OF ENDOMETRIUM
MAINLY UNDER INFLUENCE OF ESTROGEN
ESTROGEN RELEASED BY OVARIAN FOLLICLES
ENDS AT OVULATION
* 	OVULATION ON APPROXIMATELY DAY 14 OF A 28 DAY CYCLE

Question 8

What happens in the Secretory Phase?

Answer 8

ALSO CALLED LUTEAL PHASE
BEGINS AT OVULATION
ENDS WHEN MENSTRUATION STARTS
GLANDULAR AND VASCULAR CHANGES IN ENDOMETRIUM
PRIMARILY UNDER the INFLUENCE OF PROGESTERONE
ABSENCE OF FERTILIZATION RESULTS IN FALL IN ESTROGEN & PROGESTERONE; START OF MENSTRUATION
* ENDOMETRIUM IS THICKEST DURING THIS PHASE

Question 9

What is the name of the process that is controlled by a feedback system between ovaries, hypothalamus, and the anterior hypophysis of pituitary?

Answer 9

Hormonal regulation

Question 10

Endometrium responds to what levels in the blood?

Answer 10

Estrogen and progesterone

Question 11

What is the chain of events in the HYPOTHALAMUS?

Answer 11

• Secretes Gonad Releasing Hormone (GnH) (GnRH)

- Rise in GnH causes Pituitary Gland to release Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Question 12

What is the chain of events in the PITUITARY GLAND?

Answer 12

-Releases FSH
-FSH causes numerous follicles in ovary to grow
Follicles produce estrogen
-Rising estrogen levels trigger Pituitary to release Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
-Rise in LH causes ovulation to occur

Question 13

What hormone is related to the following?

• PROLIFERATIVE PHASE
• SECRETORY PHASE
• CAUSES OVULATION TO OCCUR
• HYPOTHALAMUS
• PITUITARY
• OVARIES

Answer 13

• PROLIFERATIVE PHASE - ESTROGEN
• SECRETORY PHASE - PROGESTERONE
• LH CAUSES OVULATION TO OCCUR
• HYPOTHALAMUS - GnH
• PITUITARY - FSH, LH
• OVARIES - ESTROGEN, PROGESTERONE

Question 14

How many follicles are stimulated each month by FSH?

Answer 14

5-7

Question 15

What is the dominant follicle?

Answer 15

The Graafian Follicle

Question 16

At ovulation, where do the follicles rupture through?

Answer 16

Tunica Albuginea

Question 17

Where do blood and / or fluids drain to during ovulation?

Answer 17

Posterior Cul De Sac

Question 18

Under what circumstances would follicles be measured ?

Answer 18

If the follicles are large or if the patient is undergoing ovulation induction

Question 19

How large is a follicle rupture in cm? What is the average?

Answer 19

Follicle ruptures between 1.8-2.5cm

average is 2.0cm

Question 20

What is vaginal bleeding that is not related to the menstrual cycle?

Answer 20

Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding (DUB)

Question 21

What is Hypermenorrhea?

Answer 21

Excessive volume during cyclic menstrual bleeding

Question 22

What is Hypomenorrhea?

Answer 22

Abnormally small amount of menstrual bleeding

Question 23

What is Polymenorrhea?

Answer 23

Frequent menstrual bleeding less than 21 days apart

Question 24

What is Oligomenorrhea?

Answer 24

Menstrual bleeding greater than 35 days apart

Question 25

What is Dysmenorrhea?

Answer 25

Painful uterine bleeding

Question 26

What is Amenorrhea? What kinds are there?

Answer 26

Absence of menstrual flow

1. Primary - patient has never menstruated
2. Secondary - Patient had menstrual periods but stopped

Question 27

What does HRT stand for?

Answer 27

Hormonal Replacement Thearapy

Question 28

What symptoms of Menopause does HRT help treat?

Answer 28

• Hot flashes
• Mood swings
• Sleep disorders
• Vaginal dryness

Question 29

What are the pros and cons of HRT?

Answer 29

PROS: Decreases menopausal symptoms
CONS: Increased risk of breast cancer, uterine cancer, ovarian cancer