CLASS 3 TYPES OF OBSERVATION Flashcards
Survol historique
L’Autorité vs. le positivisme
L’observation: à la base de la découverte
1-observation
2-hypothèse
3-verification par l’observation et l’expérimentation
4- théorie
5- fait
Qu’est-ce que l’observation?
Observation in the strict sense (direct) and in the general sense
(data obtained by any means: direct observation, reported observation, questionnaire, sociogram, test, etc.)
Requires a lot of time but is rich in information
Distinction entre observation (directe) et évaluation
Observation: the action of paying careful and methodical attention to a subject of study
through the senses in order to observe particular facts that will allow us to know it better
(adapted from Legendre, 1993).
Evaluation: the action of collecting information that can be compared
to pre-established criteria; the collection can be done by means as varied as
observation and the use of tests or questionnaires.
Évaluation: action de collecter des informations qui pourront être comparées à des critères préétablis; la collecte peut se faire par des moyens aussi variés que l’observation et l’utilisation de tests ou questionnaires
Distinction entre
auto-observation et auto-évaluation
Self-observation only makes sense if, for example, the observer looks in a mirror (e.g., dancers practicing in front of a mirror)
or reports his or her own behaviors that are possibly observable by others; it must also appeal to the senses so that a third party could also observe the same facts;
note thatintrospection is self-evaluation
Self-evaluation is the process by which a subject is led to make a judgement about himself (the quality of his progress,
his work, his achievements, etc.) with regard to predefined objectives and while being inspired by criteria of appreciation (adapted from Legendre, 1993)
L’observation dans
l’approche psychoéducative
une étape
PICTURE
L’observation dans
l’approche psychoéducative
une compétence professionnelle
PICTURE
L’observation dans
l’approche psychoéducative
une étape
une compétence professionnelle
une observation objective précise de l’adaptation des personnes
Une observation objective precise (OOP)
-Descriptive purpose: what an individual says and does precisely, without interpreting from oneself.
-The main difficulty lies in the objectivity of the descriptive terminology
+Describe actions and postures without inferences, judgments, or subjective terms (such as looking with anger)À
+To report the words as accurately as possible
-Qualitative observation is often the preliminary step to quantitative observation
Les différents types d’observation.
Observation libre vs. systématique
Libre:
-Paying attention to what is going on around you, taking a position or moving around
to get a good overview or to observe situations from different perspectives;
-facilitates the identification of behavioural cues that may suggest the use of a systematic observation method;
-Use a logbook to record observations deemed relevant.
Les différents types d’observation.
Observation libre vs. systématique
Systematic:
-Has a purpose, to test a hypothesis, to observe a focus, to help solve a problem, etc.;
-is rigorously planned and executed
-use a logbook or grid to record details of observations
Les différents types d’observation (suite) Observation participante et non participante.
-Participatory: a context in which the observer is integrated into the activity of the individual or groupindividual or group (shared experience), without appearing to imitate them, while remaining oneself, without making judgments and without
showing off one’s knowledge; finding commonalities between people and yourself helps to have good relationships.
+The observer uses his or her senses and emotions to let himself or herself be impregnated bythe atmosphere in the environment of the individuals being observed in order to formulate hypotheses about their adaptation; their own impressions can give them a lead.
+The observer writes down his observations and impressions after the observation periodMore subjective type of observation and subject to inaccuracies due to the delay between observation and note-taking
+Homework assignment: distinguish between the following three types of participant observationperipheral, active and complete (read Lapassade, 1991)
Les différents types d’observation (suite)
Observation participante et non participante
Non-participatory: the observer is in the background, either visible and at a
distance, or hidden behind a one-way mirror.
+Importance of justifying and accepting one’s presence
+The non-participating presence has effects on the individuals being observed
-- The Hawthorne effect: the presence of the observer causes an unusualunusual activation effect on the observed.
Les différents types d’observation (suite) Observation provoquée
Observation engagee
Provoked observation:
-Implies that the subject is placed in front of a task or a test determined by the observer in order to elicit the appearance of certain behaviors
Engaged observation:
-Used during the educational activity
-The practitioner uses his or her knowledge, what he or she sees,
hears and feels to help the individual in difficulty at the appropriate time
La notion de
centration d’observation
A particular behaviour to be observed in a subject at a specific time and in a specific context.
For Berthiaume (2004), the observation focus is the orientation of the observation
towards a particular behaviour on which the practitioner wants to collect data.
the practitioner wants to collect data on.
La notion de
centration d’observation (suite)
Given that we cannot observe everything, centering allows us to identify a smaller field
of investigation that is relevant to our questioning, which makes observation more
effective and more precise.
relevant to our questioning, which makes the observation more effective and more
precise.
-Examples of contexts: structured group activity, isolation of a child, free play period,
meals, etc.
