course 8 Flashcards
Facteurs limitants et facilitants
memory
perception
selection of information
categorization of information
interpretation of information
Facteurs limitants et facilitants -MEMORY
Memory
Difficulty remembering details (especially sequences of actions)
Even if it is possible to take notes during the observation
observation, we do not necessarily have time to write down
everything and we have to complete it afterwards with our memories
The more we solicit our memory, the more it develops
FONCTIONS DE LA MÉMOIRE
It is not meant to accurately represent the past. Its primary
function is to use the past to predict the future.
-It has evolved to store and retrieve useful information as
quickly as possible.
-We forget what is not important.
Memory has evolved to support the decision-making process.
-We are constantly making decisions.
-They require information from our past experiences.
La mémoire opère davantage selon certaines modalités
1-Frequency = the number of repetitions allows a better consolidation.2. Primacy effect: The brain pays more attention to the information received first.Ex: First impression of a person.3. Recency effect: One remembers something from yesterday
better than from last year. In fact, we often remember the information but
not the source. This is because it is the information that is important for
adaptation or survival, not the source.
Facteurs limitants et facilitants
2- Perception
Definition: “The process by which a person acquires information about his
or her environment” (Legendre, 1993); visual, auditory, factory,
gustatory and tactile stimulation;
“The set of procedures that allow us to become aware of the surrounding
world and to construct our own mental representations of this world” (Bagot, 1999)
La perception
All observation proceeds from an activity of perception,
but all perception is not observation.
Observation is an activity of convergent and comparative perception
oriented by a questioning; it supposes focus, attention and research”
(Tavernier, 1992).
-Observation requires the ability to select relevant sensory information,
-to relate facts in a way that is as close to reality as possible,
-to demonstrate the openness necessary to accept -questioning and to base one’s interpretations on facts” (Berthiaume, 2004).
Fonction de la vision
Vision is primarily used to discriminate.
-For our survival, our brain provides us with a useful image for action,
avoiding irrelevant information.
-For example, even if the color is not constant and varies according to
the light, our brain reinterprets things to perceive it as constant.
- Reorganization of information
Vision is not designed to represent things as they are.
as they are.
-Our brain reorganizes
the information received to give it meaning,
it reinterprets things.
Our brain readjusts to be able to easily identify
objects in time and space (e.g. visual illusions)
- Pareidolia: Pareidolia expresses the
tendency of the brain to create meaning by
the assimilation of random forms to referenced
referenced forms
-The brain completes
the information For the sake of
efficiency, the brain
completes the information
missing information.
Facteurs limitants et facilitants
Limits of perception
Environmental conditions (lighting, noise, number of people
in relation to the size of the room, blind spots, etc.)
The position of the observer
The observer’s condition: fatigue, illness
The observer’s attention span
Awareness, availability of mind, openness, curiosity, astonishment
Facteurs limitants et facilitants
The selection of information:The intensity of the stimulation: The more intense a stimulation is,
the more likely we are to perceive it. For example, a child who sings
louder than others will get our attention more.The size of things:
The larger it is, the more our attention is called upon.
For example, large print on a poster will capture our attention
more than smaller print. The larger child is likely to attract more attention.
La sélection de l’information - Contrasts
Contrasts: We notice a white-skinned child more easily in a group of
black-skinned children or a child dressed in yellow and purple than a child dressed in brown.yellow and purple than a child dressed in brown.
The child who is particularly good looking is also more likely to attract attention.Repetition:
A short gesture or message that is repeated frequently attracts more attention
than a long, monotonous message. For example, a child who repeatedly raises his or her hand to speak will eventually attract attention,
as will a child care worker who emphasizes the importance of the message.for example,
the child who raises his hand to speak repeatedly
will get attention, as will the educator who emphasizes certain words by repeating them when telling a story.storytelling.
La sélection de l’information - Movement
Movement: A moving object attracts our attention more than a still object.
Therefore, a child who reads in the reading corner without moving will attract less attention than one who jumpsattention than one who is jumping rope.
-Familiarity and novelty: A new game among familiar games or a familiar object in a new environment usually attracts our attention.
-Verbal and non-verbal: We often pay more attention to what is being said.
Facteurs limitants et facilitants -La catégorisation de l’information
The categorization of information
Automatic, spontaneous
From known vocabulary that conveys concepts, stereotypes, etc.
Stereotypes: representations based on only a few characters that
maximize the speed of decision making, at the expense of accuracy
E.g.: based on physical appearance (skin or hair color, clothing worn, etc.)
Ex.: hippie, punk, straight, homo, blond, fat
Facteurs limitants et facilitants - L’interprétation de l’information
The interpretation of information“Personal interpretation, a phenomenon linked to projection,
consists in giving reality meanings from the personal universe” (Mucchielli, 1988).Personality: focusing on certain details or phenomenaPeople who are concerned about their body image tend to
pay particular attention to the weight of othersIndividuals who want to eliminate some of their traits that they
consider undesirable tend to project these traits in their perception of others
L’interprétation de l’information - Valeurs:
Values: the importance we attribute to things,people and events in our livesPrejudices: preconceived ideas before we even know the object(e.g. immigrants are job stealers)Beliefs: the act of believing that something is true, likely or possible.The way one dresses, eats and interacts with others can be influenced by one’sinfluenced by the individual’s beliefs.Our emotions at the time of observation
L’interprétation de l’information
From a theory to which one adheres (consciously or not)
Disciplinary training
The advantage of a multidisciplinary team
The Pygmalion effect: the educator’s expectations of a child
expectations of a child can lead her, consciously or unconsciously,
to adopt attitudes that will modify the child’s behaviour.
The halo effect: when a behavior that has a strong impression on the observer
biases his or her judgment of subsequent behaviorsFor example: the observer will tend to judge an individual’s behaviors as more
negative if he or she observed a cruel attack by that individual on another person
at the beginning of the observation sessionFirst impressions of a stranger can influence subsequent interaction
