Class 4 Flashcards
(34 cards)
What is reinforcement?
Anything that will increase the likelihood of the behavior happening again
What is punishment?
Anything that will decrease the likelihood of a behavior happening again
What is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcement/punishment?
Primary = unlearned (innate, e.g. affection or pain)
Secondary = learned (e.g. status, money, good grades)
What is the difference between positive and negative reinforcement?
Positive = ADDING something to encourage behavior
Negative = TAKING AWAY something to encourage behavior
What is the difference between positive and negative punishment?
Positive = ADDING something to discourage behavior
Negative = TAKING AWAY something to discourage behavior
What are the different reinforcement schedules of associative learning?
- Fixed ratio (e.g. get a response every tenth try)
- Variable ratio (e.g. not set how often you get a response)
- Fixed interval
- Variable interval
What is latent learning?
A process in which learning is occurring but is not immediately obvious. Later, when needed, the learning demonstrates itself.
What are serial position effects?
Placement in a list of items determines your ability to remember them.
- Primary effect = words at the beginning of the list
- Recency effect = words at the end of the list
What is maintenance rehearsal?
Rehearsing short-term memory information to remember
Encoding is primarily acoustic
How quickly does short-term memory decay?
15-30 seconds
How is long-term memory encoded?
Semantic (deriving meaning about or from something)
Is long-term memory unlimited?
So they say
What is encoding?
The process of changing/transforming information into a form that is more easily stored in our brains.
What is organization in terms of encoding?
Placing things into categories (e.g. animals, colors, etc)
What is semantic encoding?
Categorizing according to meaning
What is chunking?
Breaking a memory into smaller bits to help remember it. (e.g. chunks of phone number strings)
What is dual-encoding?
Using two encoding strategies - e.g. visual and verbal
Method of loci
Describe implicit vs explicit memory.
Explicit = declarative; memory with conscious recall
Implicit = nondeclarative; memory without conscious recall
What are the two types of explicit memory?
- Episodic memory: events you have personally experienced
2. Semantic memory: processes and ideas not drawn from personal experience
What is the self-reference effect?
A tendency for people to encode information differently depending on the level on which the self is implicated in the information. When people are asked to remember information when it is related in some way to the self, the recall rate can be improved.
What is free recall?
Remembering something out of the blue
What is cued recall?
A question, smell, song, primer, etc.
What are some examples of recognition?
Multiple choice questions, seeing a face in a crowd, hearing a familiar song
What are examples of relearning?
Review classes
