class external Flashcards
(37 cards)
What does it mean if children are culturally deprived
they lack the cultural equipment needed to do well at school and so they underachieve
What are the three main aspects of cultural deprivation
- language
- parents’ education
- working-class subculture
What does Hubbs-Tait et al say
where parents use language that challenges their children to evaluate their own understanding or abilities, cognitive performance improves
What does Feinstein say
educated parents are more likely to use challenging language with their children. also, parents’ own education is the most important factor affecting children’s achievement
What do Bereiter and Engelmann claim
language used in lower class homes is deficient
What does Bernstein talk about?
identifies differences between working class and middles class language that influence achievement. restricted and elaborated code
Why do the differences in speech code give middle-class children an advantage at school?
the elaborated code is the language used by teachers, textbooks and exams.
What did Douglas find?
working class parents place less value on education. as a result, they were less ambitious for their children, gave less encouragement and took less interest in theri education.
What is the difference between educated parents’ and less educated parents’ parenting style?
educated parents: emphasises consistent discipline and high expectations
less educated parents: harsh or inconsistent discipline that emphasises doing as you’re told. prevents child from learning independence and self control leading to poor motivation at school
Educated parents are more aware of what is needed to assist their children’s educational progress. As a result, what behaviours do they engage in
reading to their children teaching them letters numbers songs poems nursery rhymes painting and drawing helping with homework actively involved in schooling
What do Bernstein and Young say?
middle-class mothers are more likely to buy educational toys, books and activities that encourage reasoning skills and stimulate intellectual development.
Why does the working-class subculture make children fail at school?
large sections of the working class have different goals, beliefs, attitudes and values from the rest of society and this is why their children fail at school.
What does Sugarman say?
working class subcultures have 4 key features that act as a barrier to educational achievement
What are the four key features which act as a barrier to educational achievement?
- fatalism: belief in fate
- collectivism: value being part of a group more than succeeding as an individual
- immediate gratification: seeking pleasure now rather than making sacrifices to get rewards in the future
- present time orientation: seeing the present as more important than the future
What are compensatory education programmes?
tackles cultural deprivation
Examples of compensatory education programmes
- sure start
- operation head start
- sesame street
What does Keddie say about cultural deprivation?
victim blaming explanation - child cannot be deprived of its own culture and argues thath w/c children are culturally different, not culturally deprived.
What do Troyna and Williams argue?
problem is not the child’s language, but the school’s attitude towards it. speech hierachy: m/c speech, then w/c then black speech
What do Blackstone and Mortimore say?
attend few parents’ evenings not because of lack of interest but because they work longer or are put off by the school’s m/c atmosphere
What does the term material deprivation refer to?
poverty and lack of material necessities such as adequate housing and income
Give three examples which support the statement that poverty is closely linked to educational underachievement.
- exclusion and truancy are more likely from poorer families
- nearly 90% of failing schools are located in deprived areas
- Flaherty: money problems in the family are a significant factor in younger children’s non attendance at school.
How can poor housing affect pupils’ achievement both directly and indirectly?
directly: overcrowding - less room for education activities, nowhere to do hw, disturbed sleep. moving frequently, moving schools.
indirectly: child’s health and welfare. children in crowded homes run a greater risk of accidents. COld or damp housing can also cause ill health. families in temporary accommodation suffer more psychological distress, infections and accidents. more absences from school as a result.
What does Howard note about young people from poorer homes?
young people from poorer homes have lower intakes of energy, vitamins and minerals. poor nutrition affects health, for example by weakening the immune system and lowering children’s energy levels. More absences and less concentration.
What kind of problems are children from poorer homes more likely to have?
emotional or behavioural problems
