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Organic Chemistry - MCAT > Class Four > Flashcards

Class Four Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

3 basic components of an AA

A

carboxyl group

amino group

R group

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2
Q

all AAs are chiral except for..

A

glycine

*alpha carbon is bonded to 2 Hs

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3
Q

what makes each amino acid unique

A

their variable R group

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4
Q

all animal amino acids are of __ configuration

A

L

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5
Q

all naturally occurring carbohydrates have __ configuration

A

D

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6
Q

L and D amino acids are..

A

enantiomeric stereoisomers

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7
Q

what are enantiomeric stereoisomers

A

molecules with the same connectivity but different spatial orientation

non superimposable mirror images

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8
Q

simplest/smallest carbohydrate

A

glyceraldehyde

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9
Q

animal amino acids are derived from..

A

L-glyceraldehyde

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10
Q

animal carbohydrates are derived from..

A

D-glyceraldehyde

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11
Q

(+) and (-) describe..

A

optical activity

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12
Q

is L - or +

A

-

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13
Q

is D - or +

A

+

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14
Q

what do R and S describe

A

actual structure or absolute configuration

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15
Q

what do D and L tell us

A

tells us the basic precursor of a molecule

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16
Q

four categories of AAs

A

acidic basic non polar & polar

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17
Q

acidic AAs have..

A

carboxylic acid functional groups

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18
Q

pka of acidic AAs

A

4

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19
Q

acidic AAs

A

aspartic acid: asp (D)

glutamic acid: glu (E)

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20
Q

basic AAs

A

lysine

arginine

histidine

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21
Q

lysine

A

lys: K

basic AA

pka = 10

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22
Q

arginine

A

arg: R

basic AA

pka = 12

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23
Q

histidine

A

his: H

basic (but can act as an acid as well)

pka = 6.5

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24
Q

nonpolar AAs (7)

A

glycine

alanine

valine

leucine

isoleucine

phenylalanine

tryptophan

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25
glycine
non polar gly: G
26
glycine
non polar gly: G
27
alanine
non polar ala: A
28
valine
non polar val: V
29
leucine
leu: L non polar
30
isoleucine
ile: I non polar
31
phenylalanine
phe: F non polar
32
tryptophan
trp: W non polar
33
aromatic AAs (3)
phenylalanine tryptophan tyrosine
34
serine
ser: S polar
35
threonine
thr: T polar
36
tyrosine
tyr: Y polar
37
asparagine
asn: N polar
38
glutamine
gln: Q polar
39
cysteine
contains a thiol - polar cys: C
40
methionine
contains a thioether non polar met: M
41
proline
non polar pro: P has a secondary amino group
42
Strecker synthesis
using ammonium & cyanide salts to transform aldehydes → amino acids
43
Strecker amino acids are..
racemic (naturally occurring ones are pure L-enantiomers)
44
Gabriel-Malonic ester synthesis
transform primary alkyl halides into primary amines way of making AAs
45
are AAs amphoteric
has acidic and basic activity
46
acids are proton \_\_\_
donors
47
bases are proton \_\_\_\_
acceptors
48
if pH is higher than pKa..
the site if mostly deprotonated
49
if pH is lower than pKa..
the site is mostly protonated
50
zwitterion
balancing of positive and negative charges average of the pKas
51
what happens in gel electrophoresis
technique to separate amino acids based on their charge
52
gel electrophoresis.. if the pH is greater than pI..
AA will be negative charged will move towards the positive electrode
53
gel electrophoresis.. if the pH is lower than pI..
AA will be positively charged will move towards the negative electrode
54
gel electrophoresis.. if the pH = pI
AA will be a zwitterion = no migration
55
2 types of covalent bonds between AAs in proteins
peptide bonds: link the AAs together disulphide bridges: between cysteine R-groups
56
peptide bond is between..
carboxyl group of one AA and amino group of another
57
is a peptide bond between 2 AA thermodynamically favourable
no
58
what is DCC coupling used for
to synthesize peptides artificially
59
why are peptide bonds planar & rigid
because the resonance delocalization of the N's electrons to the carboxyl oxygen gibes double bond character to the bond between C and N
60
2 ways to increase rate of peptide bond hydrolysis
strong acids proteolytic enzymes
61
disulphide bond forms in-between..
thiols of 2 cysteines
62
denaturation
disruption of a protein's shape without breaking peptide bonds
63
bond for primary structure
peptide bonds
64
bond for secondary structure
H bonds between backbone NH and CO groups
65
bonds for tertiary and quaternary structures
van der Waals, disulphide, H bonds etc etc
66
molecular formula for carbohydrates
CnH2nOn
67
how can carbohydrates be broken down to CO2
oxidation
68
single carbohydrate molecule
monosaccharide
69
two monosaccharides bonded together
disaccharide
70
two part name system of monosaccharides
first part: aldo or keto (depending on whats present) second part: the number of C atoms in a chain
71
sugar in our bodies have the __ configuration
D
72
we only have _ amino acids and _ sugars
L and D
73
pyranoses
6 membered ring (monosaccharides)
74
furanoses
5 membered ring (monosaccharides)
75
Benedict's test distinguishes between..
hemiacetals and acetals
76
reducing sugar
a carbohydrate that can be oxidized by Benedict's reagent reduces the Cu2+ to Cu+ while itself being oxidized
77
what gives a positive result in Benedict's test
monosaccharides aldehydes/ketones/hemiacetals
78
what gives a negative result Benedict's test
acetals (they do not react with Cu2+)
79
synonym for hydrophobic
lipophilic
80
synonym for hydrophilic
lipophobic
81
fatty acid structure
long unsubstituted alkanes that end with a CA
82
saturated FA
has no C-C double bonds
83
unsatured FA
has at least one or more double bond in the tail
84
storage form of fatty acids
triglycerides
85
triglyceride structure
3 FAs esterified to a glycerol molecule
86
why is it important to store fatty acids as triglycerides
fatty acids are reactive
87
why do fat molecules store more energy than carbohydrates
fats are more reduced - can oxidize more to release energy
88
importance of squalene
used in the manufacture of steroids
89
terpenoids
bulit from an isoprene skeleton and functionalized with other elements
90
how do steroid hormones cause effects
no receptors - diffuse through the lipid bilayer membrane into the cytoplasm

Organic Chemistry - MCAT (4 decks)

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