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Organic Chemistry - MCAT > Class Four > Flashcards

Class Four Flashcards

1
Q

3 basic components of an AA

A

carboxyl group

amino group

R group

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2
Q

all AAs are chiral except for..

A

glycine

*alpha carbon is bonded to 2 Hs

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3
Q

what makes each amino acid unique

A

their variable R group

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4
Q

all animal amino acids are of __ configuration

A

L

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5
Q

all naturally occurring carbohydrates have __ configuration

A

D

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6
Q

L and D amino acids are..

A

enantiomeric stereoisomers

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7
Q

what are enantiomeric stereoisomers

A

molecules with the same connectivity but different spatial orientation

non superimposable mirror images

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8
Q

simplest/smallest carbohydrate

A

glyceraldehyde

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9
Q

animal amino acids are derived from..

A

L-glyceraldehyde

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10
Q

animal carbohydrates are derived from..

A

D-glyceraldehyde

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11
Q

(+) and (-) describe..

A

optical activity

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12
Q

is L - or +

A

-

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13
Q

is D - or +

A

+

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14
Q

what do R and S describe

A

actual structure or absolute configuration

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15
Q

what do D and L tell us

A

tells us the basic precursor of a molecule

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16
Q

four categories of AAs

A

acidic basic non polar & polar

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17
Q

acidic AAs have..

A

carboxylic acid functional groups

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18
Q

pka of acidic AAs

A

4

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19
Q

acidic AAs

A

aspartic acid: asp (D)

glutamic acid: glu (E)

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20
Q

basic AAs

A

lysine

arginine

histidine

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21
Q

lysine

A

lys: K

basic AA

pka = 10

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22
Q

arginine

A

arg: R

basic AA

pka = 12

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23
Q

histidine

A

his: H

basic (but can act as an acid as well)

pka = 6.5

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24
Q

nonpolar AAs (7)

A

glycine

alanine

valine

leucine

isoleucine

phenylalanine

tryptophan

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25
Q

glycine

A

non polar

gly: G

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26
Q

glycine

A

non polar

gly: G

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27
Q

alanine

A

non polar

ala: A

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28
Q

valine

A

non polar

val: V

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29
Q

leucine

A

leu: L

non polar

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30
Q

isoleucine

A

ile: I

non polar

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31
Q

phenylalanine

A

phe: F

non polar

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32
Q

tryptophan

A

trp: W

non polar

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33
Q

aromatic AAs (3)

A

phenylalanine

tryptophan

tyrosine

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34
Q

serine

A

ser: S

polar

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35
Q

threonine

A

thr: T

polar

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36
Q

tyrosine

A

tyr: Y

polar

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37
Q

asparagine

A

asn: N

polar

38
Q

glutamine

A

gln: Q

polar

39
Q

cysteine

A

contains a thiol - polar

cys: C

40
Q

methionine

A

contains a thioether

non polar

met: M

41
Q

proline

A

non polar

pro: P

has a secondary amino group

42
Q

Strecker synthesis

A

using ammonium & cyanide salts to transform aldehydes → amino acids

43
Q

Strecker amino acids are..

A

racemic (naturally occurring ones are pure L-enantiomers)

44
Q

Gabriel-Malonic ester synthesis

A

transform primary alkyl halides into primary amines

way of making AAs

45
Q

are AAs amphoteric

A

has acidic and basic activity

46
Q

acids are proton ___

A

donors

47
Q

bases are proton ____

A

acceptors

48
Q

if pH is higher than pKa..

A

the site if mostly deprotonated

49
Q

if pH is lower than pKa..

A

the site is mostly protonated

50
Q

zwitterion

A

balancing of positive and negative charges

average of the pKas

51
Q

what happens in gel electrophoresis

A

technique to separate amino acids based on their charge

52
Q

gel electrophoresis.. if the pH is greater than pI..

A

AA will be negative charged

will move towards the positive electrode

53
Q

gel electrophoresis.. if the pH is lower than pI..

A

AA will be positively charged

will move towards the negative electrode

54
Q

gel electrophoresis.. if the pH = pI

A

AA will be a zwitterion = no migration

55
Q

2 types of covalent bonds between AAs in proteins

A

peptide bonds: link the AAs together

disulphide bridges: between cysteine R-groups

56
Q

peptide bond is between..

A

carboxyl group of one AA and amino group of another

57
Q

is a peptide bond between 2 AA thermodynamically favourable

A

no

58
Q

what is DCC coupling used for

A

to synthesize peptides artificially

59
Q

why are peptide bonds planar & rigid

A

because the resonance delocalization of the N’s electrons to the carboxyl oxygen gibes double bond character to the bond between C and N

60
Q

2 ways to increase rate of peptide bond hydrolysis

A

strong acids

proteolytic enzymes

61
Q

disulphide bond forms in-between..

A

thiols of 2 cysteines

62
Q

denaturation

A

disruption of a protein’s shape without breaking peptide bonds

63
Q

bond for primary structure

A

peptide bonds

64
Q

bond for secondary structure

A

H bonds between backbone NH and CO groups

65
Q

bonds for tertiary and quaternary structures

A

van der Waals, disulphide, H bonds etc etc

66
Q

molecular formula for carbohydrates

A

CnH2nOn

67
Q

how can carbohydrates be broken down to CO2

A

oxidation

68
Q

single carbohydrate molecule

A

monosaccharide

69
Q

two monosaccharides bonded together

A

disaccharide

70
Q

two part name system of monosaccharides

A

first part: aldo or keto (depending on whats present)

second part: the number of C atoms in a chain

71
Q

sugar in our bodies have the __ configuration

A

D

72
Q

we only have _ amino acids and _ sugars

A

L and D

73
Q

pyranoses

A

6 membered ring (monosaccharides)

74
Q

furanoses

A

5 membered ring (monosaccharides)

75
Q

Benedict’s test distinguishes between..

A

hemiacetals and acetals

76
Q

reducing sugar

A

a carbohydrate that can be oxidized by Benedict’s reagent

reduces the Cu2+ to Cu+ while itself being oxidized

77
Q

what gives a positive result in Benedict’s test

A

monosaccharides

aldehydes/ketones/hemiacetals

78
Q

what gives a negative result Benedict’s test

A

acetals (they do not react with Cu2+)

79
Q

synonym for hydrophobic

A

lipophilic

80
Q

synonym for hydrophilic

A

lipophobic

81
Q

fatty acid structure

A

long unsubstituted alkanes that end with a CA

82
Q

saturated FA

A

has no C-C double bonds

83
Q

unsatured FA

A

has at least one or more double bond in the tail

84
Q

storage form of fatty acids

A

triglycerides

85
Q

triglyceride structure

A

3 FAs esterified to a glycerol molecule

86
Q

why is it important to store fatty acids as triglycerides

A

fatty acids are reactive

87
Q

why do fat molecules store more energy than carbohydrates

A

fats are more reduced - can oxidize more to release energy

88
Q

importance of squalene

A

used in the manufacture of steroids

89
Q

terpenoids

A

bulit from an isoprene skeleton and functionalized with other elements

90
Q

how do steroid hormones cause effects

A

no receptors - diffuse through the lipid bilayer membrane into the cytoplasm

Organic Chemistry - MCAT (4 decks)

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