Class One Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
meth prefix
A
1
2
Q
eth prefix
A
2
3
Q
prop prefix
A
3
4
Q
but prefix
A
4
5
Q
cyclo prefix
A
comes infant of an all carbon containing ring
6
Q
A
alcohol functional group
7
Q
A
alkyl halide
8
Q
A
thiol group
9
Q
A
ether
10
Q
A
epoxide functional group
11
Q
A
phenol
12
Q
A
aldehyde
13
Q
A
ketone
14
Q
A
hemiacetal
15
Q
A
acetal group
16
Q
A
cyanohydrin
17
Q
A
amine
18
Q
A
imine
19
Q
A
enamine
20
Q
A
carboxylic acid
21
Q
A
acid halide (chloride)
22
Q
A
acid anhydride
23
Q
A
ester
24
Q
A
lactone (ester in a ring)
25
amide
26
lactam
27
when is an organic molecule saturated
if it contains no pi bonds and no rings
28
when is an organic molecule unsaturated
if it has at least one pi bond or a ring
29
saturated compound formula
has 2n + 2 hydrogen atoms
| (with n being the # of carbon atoms)
30
degree of unsaturation formula
(2n-2) - x / 2
n = # of Cs
x = Hs or halogen
31
rule for nitrogen in the degree of unsaturation formula
replace each N by 1 C and 1 H for the formula
32
hybridization for linear
sp
33
hybridization for trigonal planar
sp2
34
hybridization for tetrahedral
sp3
35
what is a carbocation
positively charged species with a positive charge on C
36
carbocations will always be..
sp2 hybridized with an empty p orbital
37
what is a carbanion
negatively charged species with a negative charge on C
38
2 ways that organic intermediates are stabilized
inductive and resonance effects
39
how do inductive effects work
stabilize charge through sigma bonds
40
how do resonance effects work
stabilize charge by delocalization through pi bonds
41
what substituent is always an electron-donating group
alkyl substituents
42
what group stabilizes carbocations
electron donating groups
43
what groups stabilize carbanions
electron withdrawing groups
44
what is a conjugated system
a system containing 3 or more atoms that each bear a p orbital
45
localized electrons
electrons that are confined to one orbital
46
delocalized electrons
electrons that interact with orbitals on adjacent atoms
47
are organic acids strong or weak
weak - they do not dissociate completely in solution
48
ranking of acidity
most → least
strong acids → sulfonic acids → carboxylic acids → phenols → alcohols + water → aldehydes/ketones → alkanes/alkenes/alkynes
49
inductive effects and distance
the closer the electron withdrawing group is to the acidic proton, the greater the stabilizing effect
50
electronegativity and inductive effect
the more electronegative a substituent is, the greater its inductive effect
51
3 factors that affect acid strength
electronegativity
resonance
induction
52
what is a nucleophile
have unshared electron pairs or pi bonds
usually have a negative charge
53
nucleophiles are also known as..
Lewis bases
54
as negative charge increases, nucleophilicity..
increases
55
as you go down a family, nucleophilicity..
increases
56
as you go left across a period, nucleophilicity..
increases
57
what is an electrophile
electron-deficient species
positive charge
58
electrophiles are also known as..
Lewis acids
59
relationship between nucleophiles & electrophiles
nucleophiles donate electrons to electrophiles
60
why are weak bases good leaving groups
their negative charge is stabilized due to their large size
e.g. halogens
61
what is ring strain
when bond angles between ring atoms deviate from their ideal angle
62
result from ring strain
weakened C-C bonds
increased reactivity
63
what compounds have a large degree of ring strain
cyclopropane and cyclobutane
64
what is a constitutional isomer
compounds that have the same molecular formula but have their atoms connected together differently
65
what is a conformational isomer
compounds that have the same molecular formula and atomic connectivity but differ by rotation about a sigma bond
66
what is a staggered conformation
a sigma bond on one carbon bisects. the angle formed by two sigma bonds on the adjacent carbon
67
what is an eclipsed conformation
a sigma bond on one carbon directly lines up with a sigma bond on an adjacent carbon
68
is staggered or eclipsed conformation more stable
staggered
69
why is staggered more stable than eclipsed conformation
in staggered, the sigma bonds are as far apart as possible
steric hindrance
70
which is more stable - gauche or anti
anti
71
what is a stereoisomer
molecules that have the same molecular formula and connectivity but differ from one another in the spatial arrangement of the atoms
72
what is a chiral molecule
a molecule that cannot be superimposed on its mirror image
73
what is an achiral molecule
a molecule that can be superimposed on its mirror image
74
a carbon can have a chiral center if..
it has 4 different substituents
75
first rule for assigning absolute configuration
priority of the substituents is given to the atom attached to the chiral center with the highest atomic number
76
isotopes and the first rule of absolute configuration
priority is given to the heaviest isotope
77
second rule for assigning absolute configuration
a multiple bond is counted as 2 single bonds for the atoms involved
78
third rule for assigning absolute configuration
molecule is rotated so that the lowest priority group points directly away from the viewer
79
absolute configuration of R
if the path from highest to lowest priority group traveled clockwise
80
absolute configuration of S
if the path from highest to lowest configuration travelled counterclockwise
81
what is an enantiomer
non-superimposable mirror images
non-identical mirror images
82
what makes a compound optically actice
a compound that rotates the plane of polarized light
83
dextrorotatory compound
a compound that rotates plane-polarized light clockwise
(+)
84
levorotatory compound
a compound that rotates plane-polarized light in the counterclockwise direction
(-)
85
what is specific rotation
the magnitude of rotation of plane-polarized light for any compound
86
enantiomers and optical activity
a pair of enantiomers will rotate plane-polarized light with equal magnitude, but opposite directions
87
what is a racemic mixture
a 50/50 mixture of enantiomers (rotation = 0)
88
what is a diastereomer
stereoisomers that are not enantiomers
| (non-superimposable, non-mirror images)
89
diastereomers - specific rotations
there is no relationship between the specific rotations of diastereomers as there is for enantiomers
90
how to resolve a racemic mixture
by using an enantiomerically pure chiral probe (or resolving agent) that associates with the components of the racemic mixture through covalent or intermolecular forces
91
products of resolving a racemic mixture
diastereomers that are capable of separation fie to their different physical properties
92
what is an epimer
subclass of diastereomers that differ in their absolute configuration at a single chiral center
(only one stereocenter is inverted)
93
R and S vs D and L
R or S = absolute configuration
D or L = relative configuration
94
what is an anomer
epimers that form as a result of ring closure
95
what is a mess compound
when there is an internal plane of symmetry in a molecule that contains chiral centres
not optically active - optical activity is cancelled out by either side
96
what is a geometric isomer
diastereomers that differ in orientation of substituents around a ring or double bond
97
cis molecule
a molecule in which the two higher priority groups are on the same side
98
trans molecule
a molecule in which the two higher priority groups are on opposite sides of the ring
99
Z configuration
the 2 high priority groups are on the same side of the double bond
100
E configuration
2 high priority groups are on opposite sides of the double bond
101
rule of chiral centres
2^n chiral centres
102
what is a chiral centre
carbon atom with 4 non identical substituents
103
electric field lines exit from ___ charge and enter from ___ charge
exit from positive
enter to negative
104
what insulates axons from the surroundings
myelin sheath
105
squalene is a precursor to..
steroid hormones
106
resistivity is _____ to temperature
linearly proportional
107
R1C(O)OR2 skeleton
skeleton of an ester
108
X is used to present a..
stop codon
