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Earth 105 > Class lecture notes part 2 > Flashcards

Class lecture notes part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Islands increase in age with ____ from the present hotspot

A

Distance

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2
Q

Plumes often originate in the ____ ____ boundary beneath _________

A

Core Mantle, Hotspots

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3
Q

What is a mineral? (5 things)

A

Naturally occurring
Solid
Ordered crystalline structure
Defined Chemical composition
Inorganic

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4
Q

Minerals make up ____

A

Rocks

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5
Q

Minerals have a what kind of structure?

A

Crystalline

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6
Q

Glass is a what?

A

Solid with disordered atoms

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7
Q

Why do we care about minerals?

A

Minerals are the building blocks of the planet

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8
Q

Two types of minerals

A

Industrial minerals and Ore minerals

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9
Q

What are industrial minerals?

A

Raw materials for manufacturing

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10
Q

What are ore minerals?

A

Source of valuable metals

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11
Q

Valence Electrons

A

Electrons in the outer shell of an atom

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12
Q

Valence electrons can be gained lost or shared in what?

A

Chemical Bonds

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13
Q

All atoms want their outer shell to be either ____, ____, ______ ______

A

Full, 1/2 full, or completely empty

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14
Q

Some atoms will share a what? (Covalent)

A

Electron

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15
Q

Other atoms will give away or steal a _________ from another atom (ionic bond)

A

Electron

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16
Q

What is an Ion

A

Atom with a different number of protons than electrons

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17
Q

What are Cations

A

More protons than electrons - Positive charge

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18
Q

Anions

A

More electrons than protons - Negative charge

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19
Q

Chemical bonds can form ____ dimensional shapes

A

3

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20
Q

Polymorph

A

Two minerals with the same chemical formula but a different crystal packing structure

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21
Q

Diamond and Graphite are made out of the same material (Carbon), so why are they so different?

A

Diamond is packed more tightly

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22
Q

Define Crystals

A

Constancy of interfacial angles

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23
Q

How can new Crystals form?

A

Solidification from a melt
Precipitation from a solution
Solid-State diffusion
Biomineralization
Precipitating directly from a gas

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24
Q

How do Minerals form?

A

Small crystal acts as a seed for growth, Atoms migrate to the seed and attach to the outer face, then growth goes outward from the center

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25
Resulting crystal shape is governed by what?
Surroundings
26
A crystal growing in an OPEN space will have _____ grow
Crystal faces
27
A crystal growing in a CONFINED space will have ____ grow
No crystal faces
28
Anhedral means?
Grown in tight spaces, no crystal faces
29
Euhedral means?
Grown in an open cavity, good crystal faces
30
Are Anhedral crystals more or less prevelent?
More
31
What's Color (mineral)
Part of visible light that is not absorbed by a mineral
32
Define Hardness (Minerals you pervert)
Ability of a mineral to resist scratching
33
Streak
Color of a powder by crushing a mineral (Of hardness less than 6)
34
Luster
The way a mineral surface scatters light
35
What is specific gravity
Density or weight of a material
36
Crystal habit
A single crystal or aggregate with well formed faces
37
Cleavage
Tendency to break along planes of weaker atomic bonds
38
Fracture
Implies equal bond strength in all directions
39
What's a Rock?
Naturally occurring aggregate of one or more minerals in a solid state
40
Do manufactured products (concrete, bricks, etc.) count as rocks?
No
41
Most rocks are made up of multiple ____
Minerals
42
Some volcanic rocks are made up entirely of what?
Natural glass
43
Rocks on earth's surface can occur as ____ or ____ that is attached to the crust
Broken pieces, Bedrock
44
What is an outcrop
Exposure of bedrock
45
Who is James Hutton
The dude who developed modern geology
46
What are Clastic Rocks
They are rocks held together by cement composed of minerals precipitated between mineral gains
47
What are Crystalline rocks?
Rocks held together by interlocking crystals
48
Rocks are made out of ____
Chemical Elements
49
Do all Rocks contain the same elements
No
50
The most abundant elements in the crust are_______ and _________
Silicon (Si) and Oxygen (O)
51
What is a Genetic Scheme
Based on the origin (Genesis) of rocks
52
Igneous Rock
Freezing (solidification) of molten
53
What are Sedimentary Rocks?
They are rocks formed by the cementation of grains. Precipitation of minerals from a water solution.
54
What are metamorphic rocks
Rocks that form when pre existing rocks change character due to a change in temperature and/or pressure conditions
55
Does the rock cycle have a begining?
No
56
Does the rock cycle have an end?
No
57
What does it mean when an igneous environment is considered extrusive?
Cools at or near the surface
58
What does it mean when an igneous environment is intrusive?
Cools at depth
59
What is magma?
Underground melt
60
What is Lava?
Melt on the surface
61
What happens with extrusive igneous rock
Cools quick at surface
62
What happens with INTRUSIVE igneous rock?
Cool slowly underground
63
List some sources of heat
-Radiation from the sun -Radioactive decay (Mostly crustal) -50% of heat is leftover from Earth's formation -Planetesimal accretion -Gravitational Compression -Iron differentiation, Moon formation, -Meteorite bombardment
64
Mantle is solid because of extremely ____ ____ in Earth's interior
High pressure
65
Why is the pressure in Earths interior so high? (Mantle is solid because of this)
Atoms are prevented from breaking free
66
3 ways to melt rock
-Decompression melting of rock (decrease pressure) -Heat transfer melting (increase temperature of the rock) -Flux melting (add volatiles)
67
Crystalline Classification: Fast cooling
Means small gran size (extrusive)
68
Crystalline Classification: Slow cooling
Large grain size (intrusive)
69
Melt chemistry varies due to
-Initial source rock composition -Assimilation -Magma mixing -Partial melting
70
What does partial melting result in
Partial melting yields a silica rich magma
71
Removing a partial melt from its source creates what?
Felsic magma and mafic residue
72
What is Fractional crystallization
Sequential crystal formation and settling
73
What is the movement of melt
Speed of magma flow governed by viscosity
74
What does Low viscosity mean
Magma flows easier
75
What does high viscosity mean
Magma does not flow as easy
76
Viscosity depends on what?
-Silica content -Temperature -Volatile content
77
Low Si means
Low viscocisity
78
High Si means
High viscosity
79
Depth
Deeper is hotter and shallow is cooler
80
Shape
Spherical bodies cool slowly
81
Groundwater
Circulating water removes heat
82
Pyroclastic flow
Ash and debris avalanche
83
Dike
Cuts across pre existing layers
84
Sill
Injected parallel to the rock layers
85
Plutons
Blob shaped intrusions
86
Batholith
Group of plutons
87
Aphanitic means
fine grained
88
Phaneritic means
Coarse grained
89
Pyroclastic
Rock fragments from violent eruptions
90
Volcaniclastic rock
comprised of volcanic fragments
91
Sediments
Loose fragments of rocks or minerals, shells and shell fragments, or mineral crystals
92
Clasts
Individual grains within sedimentary debris
93
Weathering
Physical (mechanical) and chemical breakdown of rock at earth's surface
94
Regolith
Layer of debris resulting from weathering
95
Joints
Natural cracks
96
Exfoiliation
Occurs in exposed plutons
97
Frost wedging
Water expands 9% when frozen. BIG PRESSURE
98
Root wedging
Roots intrude fractures and pry rock apart as plant grows
99
Oxidation
Reactions during which an element loses electrons usually occurring when elements combine with oxygen (rusting)
100
Hydrolysis
Water chemically reacts with minerals to form other minerals that incorporate water
101
Dissolution
When soluble materials dissolve in water
102
Clastic sedimentary rocks
Cemented mineral grains/rock fragments
103
Lithification
Transforms loose sediment into a rock by either compaction or cementation
104
Angularity
Degree of an edge
105
Sorting
Uniformity of grain size
106
Fast flow
Large clast size
107
Sedimentary maturity
Mature sediments are well sorted and well rounded
108
Diatoms
Single celled algae with cell wall made of silica

Earth 105 (3 decks)

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