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BIOL 1070 > Class Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Class Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are Phenotypes

A

Structure and behaviour of individual organisms

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2
Q

What determines phenotypes

A

Genetics and environment (environment = what organism is exposed to)

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3
Q

What does protein do

A

Preform functions in cells, function depends on protein structure

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4
Q

What is the Central Dogma of Biology

A

DNA to RNA to Proteins

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5
Q

What determines protein structure

A

Sequence of AA

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6
Q

How is DNA made

A

A string of nucleotides packed into chromosomes

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7
Q

What are genes

A

Sequences of DNA that code to produce RNA and/or protien

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8
Q

What are alleles

A

Different versions of info encoded at a given gene

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9
Q

What causes mutations

A

Cell replication

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10
Q

What is evolution

A

Process that results in changes in the proportion of heritable traits within a population from 1 gen to the next

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11
Q

What drives evolution (4)

A

1) Natural selection
2) Mutation
3) Genetic drift
4) Gene flow

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12
Q

What did Peter and Rosemary Grant do

A

Research medium ground finches on Galapagos islands

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13
Q

Evolution

A

The process that results in changes in the proportion of heritable traits
within populations from one generation to the next.

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14
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Changes in allele frequencies that happen as a result of sampling error (random chance)

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15
Q

What are the impacts of genetic drift

A

Decreases the total amount of allelic variation in a population over
time

Can cause deleterious alleles to increase in frequency

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16
Q

Founder effect

A

When a subset from a larger population
leave and ‘found’ a new population

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17
Q

How does founder effect impact population

A

Can be dramatic if the founding population is particularly small - only bring small amount of alleles

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18
Q

Bottleneck

A

When a population shrinks dramatically,
and differential survival/reproduction
does not depend on phenotypic traits

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19
Q

What can cause bottlenecks

A

Think of events that ‘equalize’ chance of
survival

  • Floods, fires, etc
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20
Q

Gene flow

A

The flow of alleles between two or more
populations (of the same species)

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21
Q

How does gene flow effect populations

A

Gene flow keeps populations genetically
similar to one another

  • This can have negative or positive impacts on the fitness of the populations involved
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22
Q

What happens if there is no gene flow

A

When there is no gene flow –
evolutionary changes in each population
is independent of one another
– which allows them to diverge from one another (genetically/ phenotypically)

23
Q

Are mutations random

A

Random with regards to evolution and natural selection

24
Q

How do mutations impact population

A

A single mutation does not immediately have a major impact on allele
frequencies – but serves as the source of new variation

25
How do mutations affect reproductive fitness
Random with regards to reproductive fitness * Beneficial mutations are not ‘more likely’ to occur
26
What is a null hypothesis
Defining the outcome(s) we would expect to see if the effect we are interested in does not exist/isn’t happening
26
Whats the ultimate source of genetic variation
Mutations
27
What is the HWE
A null model used to test if evolution is occurring
27
Whats a model
A simplified representation of something
28
What are the 5 assumptions of the HWE
1. Population size is infinite – otherwise there will be sampling error (and genetic drift will occur!) 2. No mutations 3. No migration 4. No natural selection 5. Mating is completely random
29
Why can we not make fixed models for evolution
Not as simple as a static image or object – because evolution is not a static process
30
How do we simplify the HWE
* Only tracking one gene and assume it only has two alleles * Assume there is a clear F0 generation who all reproduce at the same time * Not including different sexes (males or females) – all gametes are capable of ‘fertilizing’ one another
31
Formula for HWE
p2 + 2pq + q2 P = dominant allele Q = recessive allele - Formula used to determine allele frequency
32
Why is it helpful to understand evolutionary processes
Conservation efforts * Addressing issues related to health and disease
32
What is the extinction vortex
Graph that shows how fragmentation affects population which leads to possible extinction.
33
Whats the impact of inbreeding
Inbreeding can cause increases in homozygous phenotypes (and increased rates of deleterious phenotypes!)
34
Population
A population is a group of individuals from the same geographic region that regularly mate together.
35
What's required for populations to become separate species
Genetic isolation (barriers to gene flow) Genetic divergence (mutation, genetic drift, natural selection)
36
What is speciation
Speciation is the process of genetic isolation and genetic divergence that is responsible for the creation of new species
37
What is allopathic speciation
A physical barrier to gene flow Species is split due to a geographic barrier or because some individuals move to a separate place.
38
What is sympatric speciation
Other barriers to gene flow * Species is split by reproductive separation even though they are in the same place)
39
What are species
* An evolutionary independent unit in nature—meaning, * a population or group of populations that is genetically isolated from others and is thus changing under the effects of natural selection, genetic drift, and mutation independently of others
40
What is the biological species concept
“groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups.”
41
What three things does the biological species complex not work for
- Asexual reproduction - Sometimes hybrids are viable - Cannot use for fossils
42
What do phylogenetic tree do
Depict evolutionary relationships between different taxa
43
What are phylogenetic trees based on
* Based on common ancestry * Species are more closely related if they have a more recent common ancestor
44
Why are phylogenetic trees helpful
1) Determine common ancestry among taxa 2) Understand trait evolution 3) Track emergent diseases
45
What data is used to construct phylogenetic trees
* Molecular traits have become the gold standard * Genetics, protein sequences, etc.
46
What is a clade
Monophyletic: A common ancestor and all its descendants * A natural unit in evolution – often defined
47
Paraphyletic
* Paraphyletic: Common ancestor and a subset of its descendants
48
Polyphyletic
Polyphyletic: Usually two species that share a trait because of convergent evolution
49
Homoplasy
Homoplasy occurs when two (or more) taxa independently evolve the same trait
50
Are evolutionary trees proven
No! They are hypothesis'
51
Homology
Homology occurs when two (or more) taxa share the same trait because they both inherited it from a shared ancestor

BIOL 1070 (5 decks)

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