Class notes Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
dys-
A
Difficult, laboured, painful or abnormal.
2
Q
para-
A
Beside
3
Q
sub-
A
below or under.
4
Q
Acromion process
A
Hook on the top of the scapula
5
Q
Coracoid process
A
Anterior hook on the scapula
6
Q
Infraglenoid and supraglenoid tubercle
A
Tubercles on the posterior surface of the scapula, just medial to the acromion.
7
Q
Deltoid tuberosity
A
Tuberosity on the lateral humerus, about one third of the way down.
8
Q
Olecranon fossa
A
Groove in the distal humerus where it articulates with the ulna.
9
Q
Bones on the vertebral column
A
26 total, 7C, 12T, 5L, 1S, 1Co
10
Q
Bones in the fetal vertebral column
A
33 or 34
11
Q
Components of a typical vertebra
A
A vertebral foramen, a vertebral body, 2 transverse processes and a spinous process.
12
Q
C1 vertebra
A
Called the atlas. Lacks a body, pedicles and lamina. Holds up the skull and pivots on top of the odontoid process of C2.
13
Q
C2 vertebra
A
Called the axis. Has a thick, bifurcated spinous process. Has an odontoid process which protrudes superiorly and articulates with C1.
14
Q
C7 vertebra
A
Has an extra long spinous process.
14
Q
Thoracic vertebrae
A
Have demifacets on the body and transverse processes to articulate with the ribs.
15
Q
Root of the spine of the scapula
A
Medial edge of the scapula spine.
16
Q
Tubercles of the humerus
A
Greater and lesser. The greater tubercle is more posterior/lateral.
17
Q
Intertubercular groove
A
The groove found between the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus.
18
Q
Olecranon process
A
End of the ulna. Forms that bump on the end of the elbow. Articulates with the distal humerus.
19
Q
Head of the radius
A
Proximal end of the radius.
20
Q
Styloid process of the radius
A
Distal end of the radius. Found in the wrist, just proximal to the thumb.
21
Q
Dorsal/Lister’s tubercle
A
Tubercle on the posterior, distal radius.
22
Q
Styloid process of the ulna
A
Distal, posterior ulna. Found in the lateral wrist.
23
Q
Trigger point
A
Focal area of hyperirritability that is locally sensitive to pressure and can refer symptoms to other areas.
24
Active trigger point
Trigger points that cause local or reffered pain even when not compressed.
25
Latent trigger point
Trigger points that cause local or reffered pain only when compressed. Often develop into active trigger points.
26
Dysfunctional endplate hypothesis
Due to frequent stimulation, the motor endplate of the muscle fiber accumulates acetylcholine, resulting in sustained partial depolarization. Increases demand and causes depletion of ATP.
27
Results of trigger points
Causes the muscle to resist stretching and reduce the range of motion.
28
Jump sign
An involontary reaction to stimulation of a tender area.
29
Trigger point treatment options
Repetitive stripping, intermittent compression and prolonged ischemic compression.
30
What must be done after treating a trigger point?
Flushing via effleurage.
31
Components of the central nervous system
CSF, Meninges, brain and spinal cord
32
Components of the brain
Cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebrum, brain stem
33
Divisions of the peripheral nervous sytem
Autonomic and somatic
34
Divisions of the autonomic nervous system
Parasympathetic and sympathetic
35
Nerves of the peripheral nervous system
12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves.
36
Myelin
White, fatty layer that surround axons and prevents signal depletion.
36
Nodes of Ranvier
Gaps in the myelin sheath that allow for faster transmission.
37
Efferent nerves serve what function?
Motor
37
Afferent nerves serve what function?
Sensory
38
Spinal cord root accronyms
SAD MEV (Sensory, afferent, dorsal - motor, efferent, ventral)
39
Functional unit of the nervous system
The reflex acr.
40
Trigger points are a result of what?
A pathological reflex arc.
41
Resting potential
At rest, there is a higher concentration of sodium outside and potassium inside the cell.
42
Result of a stimulus on resting potential
Sodium flows in and potassium flows out, causing depolarization.
43
Synapse
Junction between a neuron and something else.
44
Threshold
Minimum level of intensity a stimulus must reach to generate a nerve impulse.
45
Summation
Amount of stimuli required to reach threshold stimulus.
46
Neurotransmitter
Chemical messenger invloved in nerve impulse transmission.
47
Excitatory neurotransmitter
Decreases the membrane potential, increasing the impulse rate.
48
Inhibitory neurotransmitter
Increases the membrane potential, increasing the threshold needed to cause depolarization.
49
Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter which is vital for the stimulation of muscle contraction. Most common neurotransmitter.
50
Catecholamines
Class of neurotransmitters which act on sympathetic cells and cause excitation or inhibition of certain cells.
51
Dopamine
Catecholamine involved with emotions, moods, attention and learning. Depletion causes rigidity and uncoordinated movement as seen in Parkinson's disease.
52
Epidural space
Space between the dura mater and vertebral column. Contains adipose and connective tissues and blood vessels.
53
Dura mater
Superficial layer of the meninges.
54
Subdural space
Space between the dura mater and arachnoid. Contains serous fluid.
55
Arachnoid
Middle layer of the meninges
56
Subarachnoid space
Space between the pia mater and arachnoid. Contains CSF.
57
Pia mater
Deepest layer of the meninges.
58
Layers of the meninges
Dura mater, arachnoid and pia mater.
59
Spaces of the meninges
Epidural, subdural and subarachnoids spaces.
60
Cerebrospinal fluid
Clear fluid derived from blood. Supplies the brain and spinal cord with oxygen and nutrients.
61
Beginning and end of the spinal cord
It exits the skull through the foramen magnum and extends to around L2.
62
Cauda equina
End of the spinal cord which fans out like a horse's tail.
63
Corpus callosum
Band of nerve tracts which connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain.
64
Cerebral lobes
Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital and insula
65
Frontal lobe
Controls motor output, cognition and speech.
66
Parietal lobe
Controls skin and muscles sensation as well as taste.
67
Temporal lobe
Controls auditory and olfactory senses and language.
68
Occipital lobe
Responsible for vision
69
Insula
A mysterious lobe of the brain hidden by the other lobes.
70
Cerebellum
Coordination centre of the brain.
71
Brainstem
Controls the autonomic nervous system and consists of the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata.
72
Midbrain
Conducts nerve impulses
73
Pons
Relays nerve impulses from one side of the cerebellum to the other.
74
Medulla oblongata
Conducts sensory and motor impulses between the brain and spinal cord.
75
Diencephalon
Controls the endocrine system.
76
Components of the diencephalon
Epithalamus, metathalamus, thalamus and hypothalamus.
77
Blood-brain barrier
Selective semipermeable wall of blood capillaries. Prevents or slows the passage of chemicals and pathogens from the blood into the CNS.
78
Nerve plexus
A netweork of intersecting nerves in the PNS.
79
Cervical plexus
C1 to C5, supplies the head and neck.
80
Brachial plexus
C5-T1, supplies the arm and hand
81
Lumbar plexus
L1-L4, supplies the abdomen, low back and genitals
82
Sacral plexus
L4-S4, supplies the posterior hip, legs and feet.
83
Dermatome
Area of the skin served by a specific sensory root nerce or by one branch of the trigeminal nerve.
84
Myotome
A group of skeletal muscles innervated by a single spinal segment.
85
All sensory organs arise from which layer in early development?
Ectoderm.
86
Touch
Specialized receptors found in the skin. Sense heat, cold, pressure, pain and movement.
87
Taste
Mediated by taste buds (chemoreceptors) and influenced by the sense of smell.
88
Olfaction
Chemoreceptors to detect odours found in the nasal cavity.
89
Vision
Photoreceptors located in the eye.
90
Hearing
Uses mechanoreceptors to respond to air vibrations. The tympanic membrane vibrates, causing the auditory ossicles and cochlear fluid to vibrate.
91
Muscles which flex the shoulder at the glenohumeral joint.
Deltoid (anterior) and biceps brachii.
92
Muscles which extend the shoulder at the glenohumeral joint.
Deltoid (posterior), latissimus dorsi, teres major, triceps brachii (long head)
93
Muscles which horizontally abduct the shoulder
Deltoid (posterior)
94
Muscles which horizontally adduct the shoulder
Deltoid (anterior)
95
Muscles which abduct the shoulder
Deltoid, supraspinatus
96
Muscles which adduct the shoulder
Latissimus dorsi, teres major, infraspinatus, teres minor, triceps brachii (long head)
97
Muscles which laterally rotate the shoulder
Deltoid (posterior), infraspinatus, teres minor
98
Muscles which medially rotate the shoulder
Deltoid (anterior), latissimus dorsi, teres major, subscapularis
99
Shape of the clavicle
S-shaped. Lateral end points down and medial points up.
100
Joints of the clavicle
Acromiclavicular and sternoclavicular.
101
Joints of the scapula
Glenohumeral and acromioclavicular
102
Joints of the humerus
Glenohumeral, humeroulnar, humeroradial.
103
Joints of the ulna
Humeroulnar, proximal and distal radioulnar.
104
Joints of the radius
Humeroradial, proximal and distal radioulnar, radiocarpal
105
Carpal bones
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
106
Poem for carpal bones
Steve left the party to take Cathy home.
