Class terms/Notes after quiz 3

Question 1

Western sides of continents have more _____ climates than central/eastern regions

Answer 1

moderate

Question 2

Moderate climates often mean ____ summers and _____ winters

Answer 2

Cooler, Warmer

Question 3

Oceans have more _____ temperatures than land areas meaning the oceans are ____ in the winter and ____ in the summer.

Answer 3

Moderate, warmer, cooler

Question 4

Air moderates its temperature as it crosses the ocean, then becomes more ____ as it moves ____ to ____ across continents.

Answer 4

extreme, west to east

Question 5

Inter tropical convergence zones shifts ____ in summer and shifts ___in the winter: follows area of max ___ ___

Answer 5

North, South, Solar Radiation

Question 6

Wet season is when the ___ ___ ___ is overhead and the ___ ___ is when it isn’t overhead

Answer 6

Inter tropical convergence zone, dry season

Question 7

What is Co2 sink?

Answer 7

Takes Co2 from the atmosphere

Question 8

What is Co2 source?

Answer 8

Emits Co2 to atmosphere

Question 9

When vegetation grows, Co2 will be ____ from the atmosphere

Answer 9

Withdrawn

Question 10

When Vegetation growth stops, Co2 will be ____ to the atmosphere

Answer 10

added

Question 11

Which hemisphere has more vegetation?

Answer 11

Northern Hemisphere

Question 12

Globally, Co2 peaks in ____ with the minimum being in ____ as a result of the global cycle of vegetation growth

Answer 12

May, November

Question 13

Co2 peaks by growing ___ ppm per year from human emissions

Answer 13

~2 ppm

Question 14

What is the process of Plant Photosynthesis

Answer 14

Sunlight for energy leads to plant biomass
Carbon from Co2 builds a plants biomass
Plants also need water to grow

Question 15

Co2 comes from ____

Answer 15

Air

Question 16

Water comes from ____ ____

Answer 16

Soil moisture

Question 17

Atmospheric Co2 concentration has risen by ___

Answer 17

50%

Question 18

Increase in atmosphere Co2 _____ biomass growth if everything is held _____

Answer 18

Increase, constant

Question 19

In much of the world, water availability is ____

Answer 19

decreasing

Question 20

What is the equation for Groundwater balance?

Answer 20

Groundwater = Precipitation - Evaporation - runoff

Question 21

Global precipitation is rising by ___ to ___ per degree Celsius of warming

Answer 21

1% to 3%

Question 22

Evaporation is controlled by ____, rising around __ per degree Celsius of warming

Answer 22

7%

Question 23

____ is water flowing over the surface into rivers and lakes

Answer 23

Runoff

Question 24

There may be more runoff if what is present?

Answer 24

Steeper slopes, less porous soil, less vegetation

Question 25

Precipitation - Evaporation > 0 means the surface is getting ___

Answer 25

Wetter

Question 26

Precipitation - Evaporation < 0 --> Surface is getting ____

Answer 26

Dryer globally due to evaporation increasing faster than precipitation

Question 27

Drought is more likely if ___

Answer 27

P-E

Question 28

If P-E is less than 0, it means evaporation is ___ than the surface and that the soil is ____ water

Answer 28

greater, losing

Question 29

A drought can be defined as what?

Answer 29

P-E is lower than normal (less precipitation or more evaporation)/the water supply does not meet demand

Question 30

What is the development of drought feedbacks?

Answer 30

Low precipitation --> reduce moisture in soil and vegetation --> Higher temperature but less atmospheric water vapor --> low precipitation

Question 31

Droughts develop over ___ to ____

Answer 31

weeks to months

Question 32

What is up with the US Southwest Drought (california)?

Answer 32

Overall drought conditions for 20-25 years Most severe drought in this region for at least 1200 years Precipitation over drought has been low but not exceptional Temperatures on the other hand have been very high, increasing evaporation

Question 33

Fires are controlled by what?

Answer 33

Fuel quantity and Fuel Aridity

Question 34

What is Fuel quantity

Answer 34

Putting out natural fires leads to vegetation accumulating in forests

Question 35

What is Fuel aridity

Answer 35

Low P - E drives out vegetation

Question 36

We find that climate change has about ___ the annual area burned by wildfire in the southwest

Answer 36

doubled

Question 37

What is a watershed

Answer 37

Area where precipitation flows into rivers is the river's watershed

Question 38

What is a continental divide

Answer 38

Dividing line between watersheds for Atlantic and Pacific oceans

Question 39

Rivers carry what?

Answer 39

Sediment (rocks, sand, soil)

Question 40

Sediment enters rivers through ___ and the water picks up material

Answer 40

Erosion

Question 41

Sediment drops out of rivers via _____

Answer 41

Deposition

Question 42

What is deposition

Answer 42

Taking material out of the river and adding it to the landscape

Question 43

What is incision

Answer 43

Erosion faster than deposition

Question 44

What is Aggradation

Answer 44

Deposition faster than Erosion

Question 45

Incision/Aggradation depend on ____ ____ and the amount of ___ in the river

Answer 45

River energy, Sediment

Question 46

River energy is higher if

Answer 46

the volume of water is higher Speed of water is higher

Question 47

Speed of water flow is largely determined by what?

Answer 47

Slope of landscape

Question 48

If river energy > sediment in the water --> __

Answer 48

Incision

Question 49

If river energy < sediment in the water --> __

Answer 49

Aggradation

Question 50

Feedbacks push rivers back towards equilibrium in response to changes in ____ ____

Answer 50

River energy

Question 51

Factors that affect/change river energy

Answer 51

-More precipitation --> increased energy -Steeper landscapes due to mountain uplift --> increased energy -Construction of dams

Question 52

Less sediment in water --> __

Answer 52

Incision occurs

Question 53

Properties of ocean water

Answer 53

-Temperature (higher = less dense) -Salinity (higher = more dense) -Pressure (higher = more dense)

Question 54

What is the mixed layer?

Answer 54

Part of the ocean affected by the winds

Question 55

Winds drive ___ in the mixed layer

Answer 55

Currents (10- 500 M deep)

Question 56

Wind driven currents become weaker with ___ in the mixed layer and fade away ___ the mixed layer

Answer 56

depth, below

Question 57

Current turns with depth because of what?

Answer 57

Coriolis (right in Northern Hemisphere, Left in Southern Hemisphere)

Question 58

If wind driven currents diverge (like at the equator) water moves ___

Answer 58

Up

Question 59

If wind currents converge (like at 30 degrees north) water moves __

Answer 59

Down

Question 60

Ocean currents transport ____ away from the equator and towards the poles, keeping mid latitude ____ than they otherwise would be

Answer 60

heat, warmer

Question 61

What is happening with Arctic Amplification?

Answer 61

Arctic is warming 4x faster than the world as a whole due to feedbacks such as Ice Albedo

Question 62

Sea level rise is driven by what?

Answer 62

Melting land ice and Thermal expansion

Question 63

What are the three types/origin points of melting land ice

Answer 63

Glaciers, Greenland, antarctica

Question 64

To date, global sea level has risen ____

Answer 64

~8 inches

Question 65

How much could the global sea level rise by 2100?

Answer 65

2-6 feet