Class Test 1 Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
What type of epithelium is this?
A
Simple squamous epithelium
2
Q
What type of epithelium is this?
A
Simple squamous epithelium
3
Q
What type of epithelium is this?
A
Simple cuboidal epithelium
4
Q
What type of epithelium is this?
A
Simple columnar epithelium
5
Q
What type of epithelium is this?
A
Simple columnar ciliated epithelium
6
Q
What type of epithelium is this, and what are the labelled cells?
A
Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells
7
Q
What type of epithelium is this?
A
Stratified squamous epithelium
8
Q
What type of epithelium is this?
A
Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
9
Q
What type of epithelium is this?
A
Transitional epithelium
10
Q
Identify the labelled cell type
A
Inactive fibroblasts (fibrocytes)
11
Q
Identify the labelled cell type
A
Active fibroblasts
12
Q
Identify the cell type
A
Adipose cells
13
Q
Identify the cell types labelled M and N
A
M = macrophages, N = Neutrophils
14
Q
Identify the cell type
A
Mast cell
15
Q
Identify the labelled cell type
A
Plasma cells (clockface appearance)
16
Q
Identify the labelled ECM component
A
Collagen fibrils
17
Q
Identify the fibres stained black
A
Reticular fibres (type 3 collagen) stained with silver salts = argyrophilic
18
Q
Name the blue fibres
A
Elastic fibres - made of elastin and fibrillin
19
Q
Identify the labelled cell type
A
Mesenchyme cells - embryonice
20
Q
Name the type of connective tissue
A
Loose connective tissue
21
Q
What type of connective tissue is this?
A
Dense regular connective tissue
22
Q
What type of connective tissue is this?
A
Dense irregular connective tissue
23
Q
What type of connective tissue is this?
A
Dense irregular connective tissue
24
Q
What type of connective tissue is this?
A
Dense regular connective tissue
25
What cartilage cells are these?
Chondrocytes
26
What type of cartilage is this?
Hyaline cartilage
27
What type of cartilage is this?
Elastic cartilage
28
What type of cartilage is this?
Fibrocartilage
29
Name the components of cortical bone
A = osteocytes in lacunae
B = Haversian canals
C = Volkmann’s canal
D = Osteons
30
What are the groups called that chondrocytes form in hyaline cartilage and how many cells will they contain?
isogenous groups - formed by 2, 4, 6, or 8 cells
31
Where’s hyaline cartilage found?
Nose, articulating joints, costal cartilages, bronchi, trachea, larynx
32
Where’s elastic cartilage found?
The ear, epiglottis, auditory tube
33
Where’s fibrocartilage found?
Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, sternoclavicular and temporomandibular joints
34
What type of junction is this?
Occluding junction, zonula occludens. Tight junction eg. Urinary bladder
35
What type of junction is this?
Anchoring and adherent junctions: zonula adherens and macula adherens. Lie beneath tight junctions.
36
What type of intercellular junction is this?
Communicating junctions - gap junctions eg. Cardiac cells
37
What nerve feature is indicated by the arrow?
Node of ranvier - gaps in the myelin sheath of axons
38
What type of glia is this?
Astrocytes - support cells
39
What type of Glia is this?
Oligodendrocytes - produce myelin in the CNS
40
What type of glia are shown here?
Microglia - hemopoietic origin
41
What type of glia is lining this ventricle?
Ependymal cells - ciliated
42
Which cells produce myelin in the PNS?
Schwann cells
43
What type of ganglia is this?
Sympathetic chain ganglia
44
Do sympathetic chain ganglia have synapses?
Yes
45
What type of ganglia is this?
Dorsal root ganglion
46
Do dorsal root ganglia have synapses?
No as they are pseudounipolar
47
Name the white and gray matter
A = gray matter
B = white matter
48
What are the 2 types of cells in soft connective tissue?
Migrant cells and resident cells
49
Migrant cells
Macrophages, mast cells, plasma cells
50
Resident cells
Fibroblasts, adipocytes, stem cells
51
How many nerves make up the pns?
12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of peripheral nerves
52
What is the gray matter of the spinal cord composed of?
Neurons, cell processes, synapses and support cells
53
What is the white matter of the spinal cord composed of?
Axons and support cells
54
What is the epineurium?
Layer of tissue surrounding the whole nerve
55
What is the perineurium?
Layer of tissue surrounding a fascicle of neurons
56
What is the endoneurium ?
Layer of tissue surrounding a singular neuron
57
What is the role of the enteric nervous system?
It innervates the digestive tract
58
Characteristics of skeletal muscle
Voluntary, unbranched, striated, thin peripheral nuclei
59
T-tubule arrangement in skeletal muscle
Triad arrangement
60
What is the epimysium?
Tissue sheath surrounding whole skeletal muscle
61
What is the perimysium?
Tissue sheath surrounding a fascicle of muscle fibres
62
What is the endomysium?
Tissue sheath surrounding a single muscle fibre
63
Describe the characteristics of cardiac muscle
Has striations (less visible), branched, single central nucleus, intercalated discs visible, involuntary, contractile
64
T tubule system in cardiac muscle
Diad
65
What are intercalated discs?
Found between cells, have many gap junctions which form synapses and allow contraction signals to pass from cell to cell
66
Describe the regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle
Satellite cells in skeletal muscle are activated after damage = proliferate and form new muscle fibres
67
Describe the characteristics of smooth muscle
No striations, involuntary, visceral, elongated tapered cells, single cigar shaped nucleus, no NMJ
68
What is the contractile functional unit of skeletal muscle?
The sarcomere
69
What is responsible for the striations of skeletal muscle?
A band of the sarcomere (thick filaments) appear dark and I bands (thin filaments) appear light
70
What is a motor unit
A motor neuron and all the fibres it innervates. Fewer fibres = finer control
71
Is dense regular connective tissue (tendons) elastic?
No
72
Composition of Proteoglycans
Composed of a protein core surrounded by glycosaminoglycans (looks like a wire brush)
73
What type of collagen are reticular fibres?
Type 3
74
Where is type 3 collagen (reticular fibres) found?
Skin, blood vessels, internal organs
75
Where is type 1 collagen found?
Skin, bone, dentin, tendons, ligaments
76
Wheres type 2 collagen found?
Cartilage, intervertebral discs
77
Where’s type 4 cartilage found?
In the basal laminae
78
Which type of collagen is found in the ECM of hyaline cartilage?
Type 2 collagen fibres
79
What type of fibres are found in the ECM of elastic cartilage?
Type 2 collagen and elastic fibres
80
What type of fibres are found in the ECM of fibro-cartilage?
Type 1 and type 2 collagen fibres
81
Characteristics of epithelium
1. Polarity = basal and apical pole
2. Adherence
3. Intercellular junctions
4. Avascular
82
3 functions of epithelium
Mechanical barrier (skin)
Absorption (lining of the intestine)
Locomotion (by cilia - oviduct)
83
What type of muscle is this?
Skeletal muscle
84
What type of muscle is this?
Skeletal muscle
85
What type of muscle is this?
Cardiac muscle
86
What type of muscle is this?
Cardiac muscle
87
What type of muscle is this?
Smooth muscle
88
What type of muscle is this?
Smooth muscle
89
What are Chondrocytes?
Cartilage cells which synthesise the ECM (collagen etc.)
90
What are chondroblasts?
Perichondrial cells - secrete the ECM of cartilage and mature into Chondrocytes
91
What are osteoprogenitor cells?
Bone stem cells, precursors derived from mesenchyme - form osteoblasts
92
What are osteoblasts?
Cells which synthesise the bone matrix
93
What are osteocytes?
Osteoblasts which become trapped in a lacuna in the ossified bone matrix
94
What are osteoclasts?
Multinucleated Cells which degrade bone to allow for remodelling
95
What is appositional growth in cartilage?
Starts from the outermost layer. Cells of the perichondrium differentiate into chondroblasts which lay down matrix at the periphery. Happens later in development.
96
What is interstitial growth in cartilage?
Happens further within the cartilage. Newly produced Chondrocytes can secrete cartilage matrix + divide. Occurs only during early phases as mature Chondrocytes cannot divide
97
What is woven/primary bone?
The first bone tissue to form during development or repair. Irregular array of collagen fibres
98
What is lamellar/secondary bone?
Mature bone, regular layered arrangement.
99
Intramembranous ossification
Direct transformation of mesenchyme into bony tissue
100
Endochondral ossification
Transformation of mesenchyme into cartilaginous model which is later replaced by bone
