Class Test 2 Flashcards
(207 cards)
1
Q
What is the classification of respiratory epithelium
A
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
2
Q
What cells are present in the respiratory epithelium?
A
Goblet cells, basal cells, granule cells, brush cells
3
Q
What does respiratory mucosa contain?
A
Consists of the epithelium and lamina propria which contain seromucous glands and a rich venous plexus
4
Q
What type of epithelium is this and where is it found in the body?
A
Simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium), found covering the epicardium of the heart
5
Q
What are 1, 2, 3, and 4?
A
- Mesothelium
- Connective tissue
- Lumen of a venule
- Endothelium
6
Q
What type of epithelium is this and where is it found in the body?
A
Simple columnar epithelium found in gall bladder
7
Q
What are 1, 2, and 3?
A
- Simple columnar epithelium
- nucleus of epithelial cell
3.lumen of venule
8
Q
What type of epithelium is this and where is it found in the body?
A
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium = respiratory epithelium found in the trachea and bronchi
9
Q
What are 4, 5, 6 and 7?
A
- Ciliated border
- Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
- Goblet cell
7.basement membrane
10
Q
Identify the epithelium type
A
Stratified cuboidal epithelium
11
Q
Where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found?
A
In the duct of a mucous gland
12
Q
What are 1 and 2?
A
- Epithelium (stratified cuboidal)
- Connective tissue = stroma
13
Q
Identify the epithelium
A
Stratified columnar epithelium
14
Q
Where is Stratified columnar epithelium found?
A
In the male urethra
15
Q
Identify 3, 4 and 5?
A
- Epithelium (Stratified columnar)
- A Capillary
- Basement membrane
16
Q
Identify the epithelium
A
Simple columnar epithelium
17
Q
Where is simple columnar epithelium found?
A
Gall bladder
18
Q
Identify the epithelium
A
Transitional epithelium
19
Q
Where is transitional epithelium found?
A
Urinary bladder
20
Q
Identify the epithelium in this kidney section
A
Simple squamous epithelium
21
Q
In which part of the kidney is simple squamous epithelium found?
A
The outer lining of Bowman’s capsule
22
Q
Identify the epithelium shown in this kidney section
A
Simple cuboidal epithelium
23
Q
In which region of the kidney is simple cuboidal epithelium found?
A
Proximal and distal convulated tubes
24
Q
Identify the epithelium
A
Simple cuboidal epithelium
25
Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found in the body?
Outer lining of the ovary
26
What is this a section of?
Dense regular connective tissue = a tendon
27
Identify 1, 2 and 3
1. Collagen bundle
2. Nucleus of fibroblast
3. Capillary
28
Identify 1 2 3 and 4
1 = adipocyte
2 = arteriole
3 = connective tissue
4 = venule
29
Identify the type of connective tissue
Reticular connective tissue
30
Identify 1 + 2
1 = reticular fibres
2 = macrophage
31
Identify the gland
Compound acinar gland (secretory acini = secretes digestive enzymes) found in exocrine pancreas
32
Characteristics of a serous gland
Darkly stained cells with rounded nuclei towards their base
33
Identify the gland
Mucous gland
34
Characteristics of mucous glands
Lightly stained cells with flattened basal nuclei
35
Identify the epithelial gland
Simple tubular gland
36
Where would a simple tubular epithelial gland be found?
Intestinal glands
37
Identify the type of epithelial gland
Coiled tubular gland
38
Where are coiled tubular glands found?
Sweat glands
39
Identify the gland
Branched tubular gland
40
Where are branched tubular glands found?
Gastric glands in the stomach
41
What type of cartilage is this?
Hyaline cartilage
42
What are these arrows pointing to? (Left to right)
1 = Chondrocytes in isogenous groups
2 = territorial matrix
3 = interterritorial matrix
43
Identify the cartilage
Fibrocartilage
44
What are these arrows pointing to? (Left to right)
1 = collagen bundles
2 = chondrocytes
45
What type of cartilage is shown in these photos?
Elastic cartilage
46
What do osteocyte cell processes run in?
Canaliculi = spider like canals
47
Name the lettered components
O = osteon
HC = Haversian canal
CL = circumferential lamellae
IL = Interstitial lamellae
VC = Volkmann’s canal
48
What type of bone is shown here?
Cortical bone
49
What is indicated by HC and V?
HC = Haversian canal
V = Volkmann’s canal
50
What type of bone is shown here?
Trabecular bone
51
What do the letters indicate in this photo?
T = trabecular bone
HM = hematopoietic marrow
52
Identify the muscle
Skeletal muscle
53
Identify the muscle
Skeletal muscle
54
Features of skeletal muscle
Long cylindrical, unbranched fibres
Striations
Peripheral nuclei
55
Identify 1-6
1 = Z band
2 = nucleus
3 = mitochondria
4 = A band
5 = I band
6 = sarcolemma
56
Identify the muscle type
Cardiac muscle
57
What is marked by the arrows?
Intercalated disc
58
Identify the circled feature
Purkinje fibres
59
What is the endocardium?
The innermost layer of the heart = lines the heart chambers
60
What is myocardium?
The muscle of the heart = makes up the walls
61
Where is the myocardium found?
In between the inner endocardium and the outer epicardium which makes up the pericardium
62
Identify the muscle type
Smooth muscle
63
Features of smooth muscle
Spindle shaped fibres
Non-striated
Cigar shaped nucleus
Central nucleus
64
Identify this structure
Venule
65
Identify the structure
A muscular artery
66
What are the labelled components?
E = endothelium
IEL = internal elastic lamina
EEL = external elastic lamina
TM = tunica media
67
Identify 1 and 2
1 = medium sized muscular vein
2 = medium sized muscular artery
68
What organ is this section from?
The trachea
69
Identify 1 - 6
1 = adventitia
2 = hyaline cartilage
3 = respiratory epithelium
4 = loose connective tissue (lamina propria)
5 = perichondrium
6 = seromucous gland
70
Which portion of the airway is this?
Bronchus
71
What are RE + LP and what do they make up?
RE = respiratory epithelium
LP = Lamina propria
They make up the mucosa
72
Identify the airway section
Terminal bronchiole
73
Features of a terminal bronchiole
- ciliated columnar/cuboidal epithelium
- no cartilage
- smooth muscle layer surrounding lumen
74
Which portion of the airways is shown here?
Alveolar duct leading to alveolar sacs
75
Identify 1 - 4
1 = alveolar dust cell
2 = type 2 pneumocyte
3 = pulmonary capillary
4 = lumen of pulmonary alveolus
76
Identify the organ
Oesophagus
77
Features of the oesophagus
- stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium
- sub mucosal glands
- skeletal muscles in muscular is externa
78
Identify the organ
Stomach
79
Features of the stomach
- simple columnar epithelium with gastric pits
- gastric glands in lamina propria
- parietal, chief and mucous neck cells
80
Identify the junction
Gastroesophageal junction
81
What transition occurs at the gastroesophageal junction?
Stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium of oesophagus to simple columnar epithelium of the stomach
82
Identify the organ
Duodenum
83
Features of the duodenum
- long villi
- submucosal/Brunner’s glands
- inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layers
- myenteric plexus between muscle layers
84
Identify the organ
Ileum
85
Features of the ileum
- shorter villi
- no submucosal glands
- peyer’s patches
- Inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layers
86
Identify the organ
Colon
87
Identify 1-3
1 = mucosa
2 = inner circular muscle layer
3 = outer longitudinal muscle layer (taeniae coli)
88
Features of the colon
- no villi
- intestinal crypts
- outer muscle layer is discontinuous
89
Identify the organ
Appendix
90
Features of the appendix
-no villi
-small lumen
-continuous muscle layers
91
Identify the organ
Liver
92
Identify the structure
Portal triad:
- portal vein
- hepatic artery
- bile duct
93
Identify the organ
Gall bladder
94
Gall bladder features
- mucosal folds with simple columnar epithelium
- muscularis layer
- epithelial pockets and RAS
95
Identify the organ
Pancreas
96
Features of the pancreas
- triangular lobes with CT septa
- Darkly stained serous acini
- light coloured pancreatic islets
97
Identify the organ
Pancreas
98
Identify the organ
Thin skin
99
Features of thin skin
- thin keratin layer and epidermis
100
Identify 1-3
Elements of pilosebaceous units
1 = arrector pili muscle
2 = hair shaft and follicle
3 = sebaceous glands
101
Identify the organ
Thick skin
102
Features of thick skin
-thick epidermis with epidermal ridges and dermal papillae
- no pilosebaceous units
- dermis is dense irregular CT
103
What are the 5 layers of this structure?
1 = hair shaft
2 = internal root sheath
3 = external root sheath
4 = glassy membrane
5 = fibro-collagenous CT sheath
104
Identify the structure
Peripheral nerve
105
Name the zones of the epiphyseal growth plate
1 = zone of resting cartilage
2 = zone of proliferation
3 = zone of hypertrophy
106
What are the spaces indicated by arrows?
Perisinusoidal spaces/spaces of disse
107
What cells are found within the perisinusoidal space?
1. Ito cells
2. Hepatocyte microvilli
3. Kupffer cells
108
What is the function of goblet cells?
Secrete mucous
109
What is the function of basal cells?
Stem cells
110
What is the function of granule cells?
Part of the diffuse neuroendocrine system
111
What is the function of brush cells?
Receptors
112
Which two types of epithelium line the nasal cavity?
Respiratory and olfactory epithelium
113
Classification of olfactory epithelium
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with olfactory cells
114
Which cells are present in olfactory epithelium?
Supporting cells, olfactory cells + olfactory hairs, basal cells, brush cells
115
What are olfactory cells?
Bipolar neurons which nuclei lie between supporting and basal cells
- olfactory hairs project from apical end
116
What are layers A + B?
A = respiratory epithelium
B = lamina propria
117
What are the anatomical devisions of the respiratory system?
1. Upper respiratory tract
2. Lower respiratory tract
118
What are the functional divisions of the respiratory system?
1.conducting portion
2. Respiratory portion
119
What type of epithelium is this?
Respiratory epithelium
120
What is the highlighted structure and where is it found?
Seromucous gland found in the respiratory mucosa (lamina propria)
121
What is mucosa?
A term used to describe the epithelium and underlying connective tissue = lamina propria
122
What cells would be found in this tissue?
Olfactory cells (olfactory mucosa)
123
What type of epithelium lines the oropharynx?
Stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium (oral epithelium)
124
Which structure marks the transition from oral to respiratory epithelium?
The epiglottis = has a lingual and a laryngeal surface
125
In the larynx, which structure is not covered by respiratory epithelium?
The vocal folds = stratified squamous epithelium
126
Which structure is this?
The trachea
127
What type of cartilage is present in the trachea?
Hyaline cartilage
128
What do the terminal bronchioles give way to?
Respiratory bronchioles
129
What is the first part of the respiratory tree?
Respiratory bronchioles
130
Difference between the bronchi and bronchioles?
Bronchi have cartilage, bronchioles do not
131
Difference between terminal and respiratory bronchioles
The walls of respiratory bronchioles are interrupted by openings to the alveoli
132
Characteristics of type 1 pneumocytes
Simple squamous epithelial cells - cover 90% of alveolar surface
133
Characteristics of type 2 pneumocytes
Polygonal in shape
134
Function of type 2 pneumocytes
Contain surfactant = reduces surface tension
135
Where are dust cells found?
In the alveoli and interalveolar septum
136
Dust cells origin and function
Derived from monocytes
Phagocytose debris and waste
137
What 3 components make up the air-blood barrier (respiratory membrane)?
1. A type 1 alveolar cell
2. An endothelial cell
3. The basal lamina of each
138
3 classifications of capillaries
1. Continuous = no endothelial pores
2. Fenestrated = pores covered by a diaphragm
3. Discontinuous = large pores with no diaphragm covering
139
What are the 3 layers of arteries and veins?
1. Inner = tunica intima
2. Middle = tunica media
3. Outer = tunica adventitia
140
What is the tunica intima made up of?
A layer of endothelial cells and basal lamina, with a thin layer of CT
141
What is the tunica media made up of?
Predominately smooth muscle - thickness varies greatly
142
What is the tunica adventitia made up of?
Connective tissue
143
What separates the tunica intima and media?
Internal elastic lamina
144
What separates the tunica media and adventitia?
External elastic lamina
145
What type of blood vessel is this?
Large elastic artery
146
What type of blood vessel is this?
Arteriole
147
What type of blood vessel is this?
Small vein
148
Which layer of the heart is shown here?
The epicardium
149
Which area of the heart is circled here?
Sino atrial node
150
What are the 4 layers of the heart?
1. Inner = endocardium
2. Middle = myocardium
3. Outer = epicardium
4. Covering = pericardium
151
What is the epithelium covering the epicardium called?
Mesothelium
152
What structure is shown here?
Lymphatic vessel
153
What are the 4 layers of the GIT?
(Inner to outer)
1. Mucosa (epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosae)
2. Submucosa
3. Muscularis (externa)
4. Serosa/adventitia
154
What nerve plexus is found in the muscularis of the GIT?
Autonomic myenteric nerve plexus
155
What nerve plexus is found in the submucosa of the GIT?
Submucosal/Meissner’s plexus
156
What is the muscularis externa composed of in the upper part of the oesophagus?
Skeletal muscle
157
What is the muscularis externa composed of in the lower part of the oesophagus?
Smooth muscle
158
Which organ is this?
Jejunum
159
What feature is this and what is its function?
Crypt of Lieberkuhn - short tubular glands
160
What do gastric pits lead to?
Gastric glands
161
What cells are found in gastric glands?
1. Parietal cells in the upper regions
2. Chief cells in the lower regions
162
What is the function of surface mucous cells in the stomach?
They secrete mucin
163
What is the function of parietal cells in the stomach?
They secrete intrinsic factor
164
What is the function of chief cells in the stomach?
They secrete pepsinogen
165
What is the function of neuroendocrine cells in the stomach?
Produce the gastrin hormone
166
What structure is shown here? What is its location and function?
Brunner’s glands located in the submucosa of the duodenum.
Produce an alkaline mucous to neutralise chyme
167
What structure is shown here? What is its location and function?
Peyer’s patch - lymphoid nodules in the ileum
Lymphatic function
168
What structure is shown here? Where is its location?
The myenteric plexus, found between the layers of the muscularis externa in the gut
169
What 2 structures are shown here?
A submucosal gland and it’s duct in the oesophagus
170
What structure Is shown here?
A lymphatic nodule in the colon
171
What structure is shown here and where is it found?
Epithelial pockets of the gall bladder
172
What structure is shown here and where is it found?
Rokintansky-aschoff sinuses (RAS) in the lamina propria of the gall bladder
173
What are enterocytes?
Tall columnar absorptive cells with microvilli - the most abundant cell in the small intestine
174
What are paneth cells?
Found at the base of crypts in the small intestine, have prominent apical granules.
Have a role in immunity
175
What are M/micro fold cells?
Specialised epithelial cells overlying lymphoid follicles in Peyer’s patches in the ileum
176
What is the first portion of the bile duct system called?
Bile canaliculus = the space between where 2 hepatocytes touch
177
Direction of blood flow in the liver
Blood flows from the numerous portal veins at the edge of the lobules to the central vein in the middle
178
Function of kupffer cells
Remove particulate matter and worn out red blood cells from the blood
179
Function of Ito cells
Store vitamin A within fat droplets and compose ECM
180
Direction of bile flow in a lobule
Bile produced by hepatocytes flows outwards, from the central to the periphery
181
What does cholecystokinin do?
Induces contraction of the gall bladder and release of bile
182
What type of gland is the exocrine pancreas?
A compound tubuloacinar gland
183
What are the smallest ducts of the pancreas?
Centroacinar cells - stain lighter than secretory cells
184
Which structure makes up the endocrine portion of the pancreas?
Islets of langerhans
185
What is the highlighted structure?
Islet of langerhans
186
Which cell types do the islets of langerhans contain and what do they secrete?
1.A cells = glucagon
2.B cells = insulin
3.D cells = somatostatin
4.F cells = pancreatic polypeptide
187
What are the 3 layers of the skin?
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Hypodermis
188
What is the classification of the epidermis?
Stratified squamous keratinised epithelium
189
What are the 4 layers of keratinocytes within the epidermis?
(Deep to superficial)
1. Stratum basal
2. Stratum spinosum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum corneum
190
What cells are these and what do they produce?
Melanocytes - produce melanin. Found close to the basement membrane (stratum basale)
191
Where are langerhans cells found?
In the stratum spinosum
192
Which cell is indicated here?
Melanocyte
193
Which cell is indicated here?
Langerhans cell
194
What are merkel cells and where are they found?
Touch receptors found in the stratum basale of epidermis of highly tactile areas - fingertips, lips
195
What are the 2 layers of the dermis?
1. Superficial = papillary dermis: collagen and elastic fibres, plexus of vessels and nerves
2. Deep = reticular dermis: dense irregular CT, large blood vessels
196
Which 2 structures form the dermal-epidermal junction?
Epidermal ridges and dermal papillae
197
What is the hypodermics mostly composed of?
Adipose tissue
198
What is the role of the septa of dense irregular CT in the hypodermis?
These septa run down through the dermis connecting it to the underlying fascia
199
What is the function of arrector pili muscles?
These muscles contract to make your hairs stand on end (cold, scared etc)
200
What is the classification of sebaceous glands?
Holocrine simple or branched alveolar glands - usually associated with hair follicles
201
Function of sebaceous glands?
Produce sebum
202
What are the two types of sweat glands found in skin?
Eccrine and apocrine
203
What is the method of secretion of apocrine sweat glands?
Merocrine = secretory product is released at the apical end of the gland via pores/channels
204
What type of glands are A and B?
A = apocrine sweat gland
B = eccrine sweat gland
205
What structure is pictured?
Meissner’s corpuscle = encapsulated nerve ending
206
What structure is pictured?
Pacinian corpuscle = encapsulated nerve ending
207
What is the method of secretion of sebaceous glands?
Holocrine - whole cell dissolves to release product
