Classic Labs/Findings Flashcards
1
Q
Anti-desmoglein (epithelial) Ab’s
A
Pemphigus vulgaris (blistering)
2
Q
Anti-glomerular basement membrane anti-bodies
A
Goodpasture’s syndrome
glomerulonephritis and hemoptysis
3
Q
Antihistone anti-bodies
A
Drug-induced SLE
hydralazine, isoniazid, phenytoin, procainamide
4
Q
Anti-IgG antibodies
A
Rheumatoid arthritis
systemic inflammation, join pannus, boutonnière deformity
5
Q
Anti-mitochondrial antibodies (AMAs)
A
Primary biliary cirrhosis
female, cholestasis, portal hypertension
6
Q
Anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic anti-bodies (ANCAs)
A
Vasculitis
(c-ANCA: Granulomatosis with pharyngitis [Wagner’s])
(p-ANCA: microscopic Pharyngitis, Churg–Strauss syndrome)
7
Q
Anti-nuclear antibodies
AMAs: anti-Smith and anti-dsDNA
A
SLE (Type III hypersensitivity)
8
Q
Antiplatelet antibodies
A
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic Purpera (ITP)
9
Q
Anti-topoisomerase anti-bodies
A
Diffuse systemic scleroderma
10
Q
Anti-transglutaminase/anti-gliadin/anti-endomysial antibodies
A
Celiac disease
diarrhea, distention, weight loss
11
Q
“Apple core” lesion on abdominal x-ray
A
Colorectal cancer (usually left-sided)
12
Q
Azurpphilic peroxidase-positive granular inclusions in granulocytes and myeloblasts
A
Auer rods
acute myelogenous leukemia, especially the promyelocytic [M3] type
13
Q
Bacitracin response
A
Sensitive: Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A)
Resistant: Streptococcus agalactiae (group B)
14
Q
“Bamboo spine” on x-ray
A
Ankylosing spondylitis
Chronic inflammatory arthritis: HLA-B27
15
Q
Basophilic nuclear remnants in RBCs
A
Howell-Jolly bodies
due to splenectomy or nonfunctional spleen
16
Q
Basophilic stippling of RBCs
A
Lead poisoning or sideroblastic anemia
17
Q
Bloody tap on LP
A
Subarachnoid hemorrhage
18
Q
“Boot shaped” heart on x-ray
A
Tetralogy of Fallot, RVH
19
Q
Branching gram-positive rods with sulfur granules
A
Actinomycetes israelii
20
Q
Bronchogenic apical lung tumor on imaging
A
Pancoast tumor
can compress sympathetic ganglion and cause Horner’s syndrome
21
Q
“Brown” tumor of bone
A
Hyperparathyroidism or osteitis fibrosa cystica
deposited hemosiderin from hemorrhage gives brown color
22
Q
Cardiomegaly with apical atrophy
A
Chagas’ disease
Trypanosoma cruzi
23
Q
Cellular crescents in Bowman’s capsule
A
Rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis
24
Q
“Chocolate cyst” of ovary
A
Endometriosis
frequently involves both ovaries
25
Circular grouping of dark tumor cells surrounding pale neurofibrils
Homer-Wright rosettes
| neuroblastoma, medulloblastoma, retinoblastoma
26
Colonies of mucoid Pseudomonas and lungs
Cystic fibrosis
| autosomal-recessive mutation in CFTR resulting in fat-soluble vitamin deficiency and mucous plugs
27
Decreased alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum
Down syndrome or other chromosomal abnormalities
28
Degeneration of dorsal column nerves
~Tabes dorsalis (tertiary syphilis)
~subacute combined degeneration (dorsal columns and lateral corticospinal tract affected)
29
Depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra
Parkinson's disease
| basal ganglia disorder: rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia
30
Desquamated epithelium casts in sputum
Curschmann's spirals
| bronchial asthma; can result in whorled mucous plugs
31
Disarrayed granulosa cells in eosinophilic fluid
Call-Exner bodies
| granulosa-theca cell tumor of the ovary
32
Dysplastic squamous cervical cells with nuclear enlargement and hyperchromasia
Koilocytes
| HPV: predisposes to cervical cancer
33
Enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusion bodies
"Owl's eye" appearance of CMV
34
Enlarged thyroid cells with ground-glass nuclei
"Orphan Annie's eyes" nuclei
| papillary carcinoma of the thyroid
35
Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion in liver cells
Mallory bodies
| alcoholic liver disease
36
Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions in nerve cell
Lewy body
| Parkinson's disease
37
Eosinophilic globule in liver
Councilman body
| toxic or viral hepatitis, often yellow fever
38
Eosinophilic inclusion bodies in cytoplasm of hippocampal nerve cells
Negri bodies of rabies
| Lyssavirus
39
Extracellular amyloid deposition in gray matter of brain
Senile plaques
| Alzheimer's disease
40
Giant B cells with bilobed nuclei with prominent inclusions
| "owl's eye"
Reed-Sternberg cells
| Hodgkin's lymphoma
41
Glomerulus-like structure surrounding vessel in germ cells
Schiller-Duval bodies
| yolk sac tumor
42
"Hair on end"
(crew-cut) appearance on x-ray
~Beta-thalassemia
~sickle cell anemia (marrow expansion)
43
hCG elevated
~Choriocarcinoma
~hydatidiform mole (occurs with and without embryo)
44
Heart nodules (granulomatous)
Aschoff bodies (rheumatic fever)
45
Heterophile antibodies
Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)
46
Hexagonal, double-pointed, needle-like crystals in bronchial secretions
Bronchial asthma
| Charcot-Leyden crystals: eosinophilic granules
47
High level of D-dimers
~DVT
~pulmonary embolism
~DIC
48
~Hailar lymphadenopathy
~peripheral granulomatous lesion in middle or lower lung lobes (can calcify)
Ghon complex (primary TB: Mycobacterium bacilli)
49
"Honeycomb lung" on x-ray or CT
Interstitial pulmonary fibrosis
50
Hypercoagulability
| leading to migrating DVTs and vasculitis
Trousseau's syndrome
| adenocarcinoma of pancreas or lung
51
Hypersegmented neutrophils
Megaloblastic anemia
(B12 deficiency: neurologic symptoms)
(folate deficiency: no neurologic symptoms)
52
1) Hypertension
2) hypokalemia
3) metabolic alkalosis
Conn's syndrome
53
Hypochromic, microcytic anemia
~Iron deficiency anemia
~lead poisoning
~thalassemia (fetal hemoglobin sometimes present)
54
Increased alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum
~Dating error
~anencephaly
~spina bifida (neural tube defects)
55
Increased uric acid levels
~Gout
~Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
~tumor lysis syndrome
~loop and thiazide diuretics
56
Intranuclear eosinophilic droplet-like bodies
Cowdry type A bodies (HSV or CMV)
57
Iron-containing nodules in alveolar septum
Ferruginous bodies
| asbestosis: increased chance of mesothelioma
58
Keratin pearls on a skin biopsy
Squamous cell carcinoma
59
Large lysosomal vesicles in phagocytes, immunodeficiency
Chédiak-Hagashi disease
| congenital failure of phagolysosome formation
60
"Lead pipe" appearance of colon on barium enema x-ray
Ulcerative colitis (loss of haustra)
61
Linear appearance of IgG deposition on glomerular basement membrane
Goodpasture's syndrome
62
Low serum ceruloplasmin
Wilson's disease (hepatolenticular degeneration)
63
"Lumpy bumpy" appearance of glomeruli on immunoflorescence
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis
| immune complex deposition of IgG and C3b
64
Lytic ("hole punched") bone lesions on x-ray
Multiple myeloma
65
Mammary gland ("blue dome") cyst
Fibrocystic change of the breast
66
Monoclonal antibody spike
~Multiple myeloma (usually IgG or IgA)
~Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS; normal consequence of aging)
~Waldenström's (M protein = IgM) macroglobulinemia
~Primary amyloidosis
67
Mucin-filled cells with peripheral nucleus
Singlet ring (gastric carcinoma)
68
Narrowing of bowel lumen on barium x-ray
"String sign" (Crohn's disease)
69
Necrotizing vasculitis (lungs) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's; c–ANCA positive) and Goodpasture's syndrome (anti-basement membrane antibodies)
70
Needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals
Gout (Monosodium urate crystals)
71
Nodular hyaline deposits in glomeruli
Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules (diabetic nephropathy)
72
Novobiocin response
Sensitive: Staphylococcus epidermidis
Resistant: Staphylococcus saprophyticus
73
"Nutmeg" appearance of liver
Chronic passive congestion of liver due to right heart failure
74
"Onion skin" periosteal reaction
Ewing's sarcoma (malignant round-cell tumor)
75
Optochin response
Sensitive: Streptococcus pneumoniae
Resistant: Viridans streptococcus
76
Periosteum raised from bone, creating triangular area
Codman's triangle on x-ray
| osteosarcoma, Ewing's sarcoma, pyogenic osteomyelitis
77
Podocyte fusion or "effacement" on electron microscopy
Minimal change disease (child with nephrotic syndrome)
78
Polished, "ivory like" appearance of bone at cartilage erosion
Eburnation (Osteoarthritis resulting in bony sclerosis)
79
Protein aggregates in neurons from hyperphosphorylation of protein tau
Neurofibrillary tangles (Alzheimer's disease) and Pick's bodies (Pick's disease)
80
Psammoma bodies
~Meningiomas
~papillary thyroid carcinoma
~mesothelioma
~papillary serous carcinoma of the endometrium and ovary
81
Pseudopalisading tumor cells on brain biopsy
Glioblastoma multiforme
82
RBC casts in urine
Acute glomerulonephritis
83
Rectangular, crystal-like, cytoplasmic inclusions in Leydig cells
Reinke crystals (Leydig cell tumor)
84
Renal epithelial casts in urine
Acute toxic/viral nephrosis
85
Rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent
Pseudogout
| Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals
86
Rib notching
Coarctation of the aorta
87
Ring-enhancing brain lesion in AIDS
Toxoplasma gondii, CNS lymphoma
88
Sheets of medium-sized lymphoid cells with scattered pale, tingible body-laden macrophages ("Starry sky" histology)
Burkitt's lymphoma
| t[8:14] c-myc activation, associated with EBV; "black sky" made up of malignant cells
89
Silver-staining spherical aggregation of tau proteins in neurons
Pick bodies
| Pick's disease: progressive dementia, changes in personality
90
"Soap bubble" in femur or tibia an x-ray
Giant cell tumor of bone (generally benign)
91
"Spikes" on basement membrane, "dome like" subepithelial deposits
Membranous glomerulonephritis (may progress to nephrotic syndrome)
92
Stacks of RBCs
Rouleaux formation
| high ESR, multiple myeloma
93
Stippled vaginal epithelial cells
"Clue cells" (Gardnerella vaginalis)
94
"Tennis racket" shape cytoplasmic organelles (EM) in Langerhans cells
Birbeck granules
| Langerhans cells histiocytosis or histiocytosis X: eosinophilic granuloma
95
Thrombi made of white/red layers
Lines of Zahn
| Arterial thrombus, layers of platelets/RBCs
96
"Thumb sign" on lateral x-ray
Epiglottitis (Haemophilus influenzae)
97
Thyroid-like appearance of kidney
Chronic bacterial pyelonephritis
98
Tram-track appearance of capillary loops of glomerular basement membranes on light microscopy
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
99
Triglyceride accumulation in liver cell vacuoles
Fatty liver disease (alcoholic or metabolic syndrome)
100
"Waxy" casts with very low urine flow
Chronic end-stage renal disease
101
WBC casts in urine
Acute pyelonephritis
102
WBC's that look "smudged"
CLL (almost always B cell)
103
"Wire loop" glomerular capillary appearance on light microscopy
Lupus nephropathy
104
Yellowish CSF
Xanthochromia
| e.g., due to subarachnoid hemorrhage
105
Anticentromere antibodies
Scleroderma (CREST)
