classical conditioning

Question 1

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 1

A three-phase learning process that results in the involuntary association between a neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus to produce a conditioned response.

Question 2

What are the three phases of classical conditioning?

Answer 2

• Before conditioning
• During conditioning
• After conditioning

Question 3

What does ‘stimuli’ refer to in classical conditioning?

Answer 3

Any object, environment or event that precedes an action.

Question 4

What does ‘responses’ refer to in classical conditioning?

Answer 4

Actions that follow a stimulus.

Question 5

Define unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

Answer 5

Any stimulus that consistently produces a particular naturally occurring, automatic response.

Question 6

What is an example of an unconditioned stimulus?

Answer 6

Food.

Question 7

Define unconditioned response (UCR).

Answer 7

The response that occurs automatically when the unconditioned stimulus is presented.

Question 8

What is an example of an unconditioned response?

Answer 8

Salivating in the presence of food.

Question 9

Define neutral stimulus (NS).

Answer 9

Any stimulus that does not normally produce a predictable response.

Question 10

What is an example of a neutral stimulus?

Answer 10

A bell.

Question 11

Define conditioned stimulus (CS).

Answer 11

The stimulus that is neutral at the start of the conditioning process but eventually triggers a similar response to that caused by the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 12

What is an example of a conditioned stimulus?

Answer 12

Bell that now induces salivation.

Question 13

Define conditioned response (CR).

Answer 13

The learned response that is produced by the conditioned stimulus.

Question 14

What is an example of a conditioned response?

Answer 14

Salivating in response to a bell.

Question 15

What occurs during the ‘before conditioning’ phase?

Answer 15

The neutral stimulus does not initially elicit a response.

Question 16

What occurs during the ‘during conditioning’ phase?

Answer 16

The neutral stimulus is paired with the unconditioned stimulus to produce an unconditioned response.

Question 17

What is the importance of timing in classical conditioning?

Answer 17

The neutral stimulus should be presented almost immediately before the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 18

Define acquisition in the context of classical conditioning.

Answer 18

The period of initial learning in classical conditioning where the learner begins to associate a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus.

Question 19

What factors influence classical conditioning?

Answer 19

• Nature of the response
• Association of stimuli
• Timing of the NS and UCS pairing

Question 20

True or False: The unconditioned response must be an involuntary response.

Answer 20

True.

Question 21

Fill in the blank: The _______ is a stimulus that elicits a response due to its being paired with an unconditioned stimulus.

Answer 21

conditioned stimulus

Question 22

What does the term ‘case study’ refer to?

Answer 22

An investigation of a particular activity, behaviour, event or problem that includes complexities encountered in real-world situations.

Question 23

What is a controlled experiment?

Answer 23

An experimental investigation of the relationship between one or more independent variables and a dependent variable, controlling all other variables.

Question 24

What are the advantages of fieldwork?

Answer 24

• Very natural environment
• Cheap and easy

Question 25

What does a literature review involve?

Answer 25

The collation and analysis of secondary data related to other people’s scientific findings to answer a question or provide background information.

Question 26

What is modelling and simulation in psychology?

Answer 26

The construction and manipulation of models to study the behaviour of real or theoretical systems.

Question 27

What is the limitation of using a case study?

Answer 27

Can’t be replicated and can't be used to establish cause and effect.

Question 28

What are simulation environments?

Answer 28

Artificial settings used for studies that may lack realism ## Footnote These environments can provide time- and cost-effective alternatives for researchers.

Question 29

What ethics issue arises with indistinguishable virtual reality experiences?

Answer 29

Participants may be unable to tell the difference between reality and virtual reality ## Footnote This raises concerns about the ethical implications of using such technology.

Question 30

What does the term 'design or evaluation of an artefact' refer to?

Answer 30

It refers to creating or assessing products, processes, or systems to meet human needs ## Footnote This often involves technological applications alongside scientific knowledge.

Question 31

What is the main purpose of using the interface between psychology and technology?

Answer 31

To improve or enhance the human experience

Question 32

What type of data can be gained where only qualitative data is usually available?

Answer 32

Quantitative data ## Footnote Example: Sleep quality.

Question 33

What are methods in research?

Answer 33

Procedures used to gather data

Question 34

What is an observational method?

Answer 34

A method where changes in the dependent variable (DV) are measured via observation ## Footnote This can be part of a controlled experiment methodology.

Question 35

List the advantages of observational methods.

Answer 35

* Very natural environment producing genuine responses * Cheap and easy to conduct

Question 36

What is a disadvantage of observational methods?

Answer 36

Cannot establish cause and effect due to uncontrolled extraneous variables

Question 37

What are interviews in research?

Answer 37

Questions asked by researchers to obtain specific information from participants

Question 38

What is a disadvantage of using interviews?

Answer 38

Time-consuming and qualitative data can be difficult to describe

Question 39

What are questionnaires?

Answer 39

A set of structured, written questions answered in a set format

Question 40

List the advantages of questionnaires.

Answer 40

* Great for researching non-observable thoughts and feelings * Cheap and easy to gather large amounts of data

Question 41

What is a disadvantage of questionnaires?

Answer 41

Participants may not take them seriously, leading to inaccurate responses

Question 42

What are focus groups?

Answer 42

Collective interviews conducted by a trained moderator to gather group perspectives

Question 43

What is a disadvantage of focus groups?

Answer 43

Time-consuming and data can be difficult to summarize

Question 44

What is a yarning circle?

Answer 44

A culturally informed alternative to focus groups used for dialogue with Indigenous participants

Question 45

What is the primary goal of yarning circles?

Answer 45

To explore topics through reciprocal dialogue and storytelling

Question 46

What are the advantages of yarning circles?

Answer 46

* Data collection in a culturally respectful manner * Opportunity for non-judgmental conversation

Question 47

What is a disadvantage of yarning circles?

Answer 47

Time-consuming and data can be difficult to summarize

Question 48

What is the purpose of the homework assignment related to classical conditioning?

Answer 48

To read specific textbook pages and answer related questions

Question 49

What is the focus of the crash course homework?

Answer 49

Training the brain