Classification

Question 1

What is classification?

Answer 1

The process of living organisms being sorted into groups

Question 2

What are taxonomic groups?

Answer 2

A classification system based on hierarchy

Question 3

What are the 7 groups in the major taxonomic groups?

Answer 3

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus 
Species

Question 4

What are the three reasons that scientists classify organisms?

Answer 4

To identify species
To predict characteristics
To find evolutionary links

Question 5

What are the three domains?

Answer 5

Archaea
Bacteria
Eukarya

Question 6

Define ‘species’

Answer 6

A group of organisms that are able to reproduce to produce fertile offspring

Question 7

What were animals classified on before the kingdom system?

Answer 7

Physical characteristics

Question 8

What is binomial nomenclature?

Answer 8

A scientific name consisting of the genus and the species

Question 9

When Aristotle classified organisms how did he do so?

Answer 9

Plants and Animals
Plants- every living thing that did not move or eat or that continued to grow throughout life
Animals- everything that moved, ate, and stopped growing at a certain size

Question 10

What are the 5 kingdoms in Linnaeus’ system?

Answer 10

Prokaryotae 
Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

Question 11

What are the 3 general features of a prokaryotae?

Answer 11

Unicellular
No nucleus or membrane bound organelle
No visible feeding mechanism

Question 12

Give an example of a prokaryotae

Answer 12

Bacteria- E coli

Question 13

Explain the cellular structure of a protoctist

Answer 13

Unicellular
A nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
Some have chloroplasts

Question 14

How do protoctists move?

Answer 14

Cillia, flagella or amoeboid mechanisms. However some are sessile.

Question 15

How are nutrients acquired in protoctists?

Answer 15

Some are autotrophic
Some are heterotrophic
Some use both

Question 16

Give two examples of a protoctist

Answer 16

Paramecium and Amoeba

Question 17

Explain the cellular structure of fungi

Answer 17

Unicellular or multicellular
A nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
No chloroplasts

Question 18

How do fungi move?

Answer 18

They have no mechanism for locomotion

Question 19

What is a fungi made of?

Answer 19

A body or mycelium made of threads or hyphae

Question 20

How do fungi acquire nutrients?

Answer 20

Saprophytic feeders

Question 21

Give 3 examples of fungi

Answer 21

Mushrooms, Moulds and Yeast

Question 22

Explain the cellular structure of plants

Answer 22

Multicellular
A nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
Chlorophyll

Question 23

How do plants move?

Answer 23

Don’t tend to move however gametes of some plants move via cillia or flagella

Question 24

How do plants obtain nutrients?

Answer 24

Autotrophic so acquire nutrients via photosynthesis

Question 25

How do plants store food?

Answer 25

As starch

Question 26

Explain the cellular structure of animals

Answer 26

Multicellular A nucleus and other membrane bound organelles No chloroplasts

Question 27

How do animals move

Answer 27

Aid of cillia, flagella, contractile proteins in form of muscular organs

Question 28

How do animals obtain nutrients?

Answer 28

Heterotrophic feeders, obtain nutrients via ingestion

Question 29

What characteristics does Woese's system use to classify?

Answer 29

Differences in sequences of nucleotides in cell's ribosomal RNA Cell's membrane lipid structure Sensitivity to antibiotics

Question 30

What form of rRNA and have different ribosomes do Eukarya have?

Answer 30

Ribosomes=80S | RNA polymerase contains 12 proteins

Question 31

What form of rRNA and have different ribosomes do Archaea have?

Answer 31

70S ribosomes | RMA polymerase has between 8 and 10 proteins

Question 32

What form of rRNA and have different ribosomes do Bacteria have?

Answer 32

70S ribosomes | RNA polymerase has 5 proteins

Question 33

What are the 6 kingdoms in Woese's system?

Answer 33

``` Archaebacteria Eubacteria Protoctista Fungi Plantae Animalia ```

Question 34

What is specific about Archaebacteria?

Answer 34

Ancient bacteria that live in extreme environments

Question 35

What is phylogeny?

Answer 35

The name given to evolutionary relationships between organisms

Question 36

What does phylogeny show?

Answer 36

Reveals which groups organisms are particularly closely related to How closely organisms are related to each other

Question 37

What does a phylogenetic tree show?

Answer 37

Branched diagrams which show that different species have evolved from a common ancestor

Question 38

How are phylogenetic trees produced?

Answer 38

Looking at similarities and differences in species' physical characteristics and genetic make up.

Question 39

Give 2 advantages of phylogenetic classification

Answer 39

Phylogeny creates a continuous tree and therefore data is not forced into groups Doesn't have a hierarchal nature

Question 40

What is evolution?

Answer 40

The theory that describes the way in which organisms evolve, or change, over many years as a result of natural selection

Question 41

What is the theory of uniformitarianism?

Answer 41

The Earth was shaped by physical forces such as sedimentation, erosion and depostion

Question 42

Who came up with the theory of uniformitarianism?

Answer 42

James Hutton

Question 43

Which animal did Darwin investigate evolution on? What did he see?

Answer 43

Finches, variations in the beaks and claws.

Question 44

What did theory did Darwin propose?

Answer 44

The theory of evolution by natural selection

Question 45

Give 3 different ways that the process of evolution can be studied

Answer 45

Palaeontology Comparative Anatomy Comparative Biochemistry

Question 46

What is the fossil record?

Answer 46

Different layers of rock are formed over time The top strata is the newest and the bottom strata is the oldest The newest fossils are found in the top Fossils look different depending on their time period

Question 47

Give 4 pieces of evidence for evolution provided by the fossil record

Answer 47

Oldest fossils have more simple organisms, newer fossils have more complex organisms Sequence which organisms are found matches ecological links Fossils can show how closely related ancestors are linked Fossils allow the relationship between extinct and living organisms to be investigated

Question 48

Give 3 reasons why the fossil record is incomplete

Answer 48

Soft-bodied organisms decompose quickly Conditions for fossilisation aren't always present Fossils have been destroyed by tectonic activity

Question 49

What is comparative anatomy?

Answer 49

The study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different living species

Question 50

What is a homologous structure?

Answer 50

A structure that appears superficially different in different organisms but has the same underlying structure

Question 51

What is divergent evolution?

Answer 51

The process of from a common ancestor different species evolve with a different set of adaptive features.

Question 52

When does divergent evolution occur?

Answer 52

Closely related species diversify to adapt to new habitats as a result of migration or loss of habitat

Question 53

What is comparative biochemistry?

Answer 53

The study of similarities and differences in the proteins and other molecules that control life processes

Question 54

What does the hypothesis of neutral evolution state?

Answer 54

The most variability of structure of a molecule does not affect its function

Question 55

How do scientists compare when two species last shared a common ancestor?

Answer 55

The number of differences that exist are plotted against the rate at which molecule undergoes neutral base substitution.

Question 56

How are relationships between ancient species compared?

Answer 56

Ribosomal RNA and fossil records