Classification

Question 1

species - define

Answer 1

a group of living organisms with similar characteristics that interbreed to produce fertile offspring

Question 2

what is the effect of using an effective classification system ?

Answer 2

it is easier to organize our ideas about organisms and make generalizations

Question 3

taxonomy - define

Answer 3

the science of classification of living things

Question 4

what names do the binomial system use ?

Answer 4

Latin or Greek names

Question 5

what is the first name in the generic name ?

Answer 5

genus - like a surname

Question 6

what is the second name in the specific name ?

Answer 6

species - like a first name

Question 7

how are the names in the binomial system presented ?

Answer 7

italics
first word in capital letter
second word is lowercase

Question 8

what would homo sapiens become ?

Answer 8

H. sapiens

Question 9

what are the principles of classification ?

Answer 9

• biological classification groups living organisms according to how closely related they are
• first attempted by Carl Linnaeus in 1735
• he proposed a hierarchal system to classify different species

Question 10

what are the groups in the scheme of classification ?

Answer 10

species
phylum
class
order
family
genu
species

Question 11

what is a kingdom ?

Answer 11

the largest most inclusive grouping e.g. plants, animals etc.

Question 12

what is a phylum ?

Answer 12

organisms constructed on a similar plan

Question 13

what is a class ?

Answer 13

a grouping of orders within a phylum

Question 14

what is an order ?

Answer 14

the groups in an order have more in common with each other than they do with other members of the same class

Question 15

what is a family ?

Answer 15

groups of closely related genera

Question 16

what is a genus ?

Answer 16

closely related species

Question 17

an example to memorise the order of the scheme of classification ?

Answer 17

king
prawn
curry
or
fat
greasy
sausages

Question 18

what is a domain ?

Answer 18

based on the type of cells the organism has

Question 19

what are the two types of anatomical evidence ?

Answer 19

homologous
analogous

Question 20

what are organisms that have homologous structures thought to be ?

Answer 20

closely related

Question 21

the higher the number of homologous structures between two species the what ?

Answer 21

closer they are in the phylogenetic tree

Question 22

analogous structures - define

Answer 22

they resemble each other in function but differ in structure

Question 23

how do you identify species

Answer 23

morphology and anatomy
cell structure ( eukaryotic/ prokaryotic )
physiology and chemical compositions

Question 24

definition of species

Answer 24

common ancestor
closely resemble structurally and biochemically
produce viable fertile offspring
do not breed with members of other species

Question 25

how does the scientific community evaluate the data ?

Answer 25

- findings in scientific journals and presented at scientific conferences - scientists then study the evidence in a process called peer review

Question 26

what are nucleic acid mutations ?

Answer 26

large molecules like nucleic acids are subjected to changed with time

Question 27

how can the mutations in DNA occur ?

Answer 27

molecular clock

Question 28

how can you estimate the relatedness of different groups of organisms ?

Answer 28

by the amount of variation in their DNA

Question 29

what is DNA sequencing ?

Answer 29

the process of determining the exact order of the nucleotides in a DNA molecule

Question 30

where are DNA sequencing used ?

Answer 30

laboratory analysis

Question 31

stage 1 of DNA sequencing

Answer 31

DNA molecule is cut into pieces at very specific points by enzymes

Question 32

stage 2 of DNA sequencing

Answer 32

pieces of DNA are chemically modified and tagged with fluorescent dyes, which gives a different colour for each base

Question 33

stage 3 of DNA sequencing

Answer 33

these pieces of DNA are then separated by electrophiles and the bases recognised by the colour of their fluorescence

Question 34

stage 4 of DNA sequencing

Answer 34

when the sequence of these pieces of DNA are recorded they are then linked together to make up the base sequence of the whole DNA molecule

Question 35

extracting and cutting up DNA

Answer 35

1. mechanically break up the cells 2. filter the debris 3. detergents are used to break down the cell membranes 4. add protease to remove ' protein framework ' 5. DNA is isolated from the mixture of chemicals by precipitation with ethanol 6. re - suspended in aqueous, pH buffered medium

Question 36

restricted enzymes

Answer 36

they restrict the multiplication of phage viruses

Question 37

what are the two types of restricted enzymes ?

Answer 37

blunt ends or sticky ends to cut fragments

Question 38

what is sticky ends ?

Answer 38

single stranded extensions formed in the DNA after digestion with a restriction enzyme that cuts in a staggered fashion

Question 39

what is electrophoresis ?

Answer 39

- process used to separate particles

Question 40

how is electrophoresis carried out ?

Answer 40

carried out on an agarose gel or polyamide gel

Question 41

what does an agarose gel or polyamide gel both contain ?

Answer 41

tiny pores which allow them to act like a molecular sieve

Question 42

how is the separation in electrophoresis occur ?

Answer 42

according to the size and the charge carried - double principle

Question 43

what does the genetic differences between the DNA of various organisms give ?

Answer 43

gives us data on degrees of divergence in their respective evolutionary histories

Question 44

what does the matching of DNA samples of different species enable ?

Answer 44

discovery of how closely related particular species are

Question 45

how are the two organisms disclosed by ?

Answer 45

measuring the temperature at which they separate - most distantly related the organisms are, the fewer the bonds would form

Question 46

DNA hybridisation - 5

Answer 46

1. heat to separate strands 2. combine single strands of DNA 3. cool to allow renaturation of double stranded DNA 4. determine degree of hybridisation 5. after cooling, you heat them to see how easily they will separate ( if the two organisms are non closely related the ample will sperate at low temperature) ( if closely related organisms will require a higher temperature to separate)

Question 47

what is bioinformatics ?

Answer 47

the storage, manipulation and analysis of biological information

Question 48

what is phylogeny ?

Answer 48

the evolution development and history of a species or other group of organisms