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Classification Flashcards

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1
Q

Taxonomy originates form which 2 words?

A

“taxis” ➜arrangement and “nomos” ➜laws

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2
Q

what is plant taxonomy?

A

characterization, identification, classification, and nomenclature of plants
based on their similarities and differences.

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3
Q

Characterization?

A

to describe all the characteristics of the newly identified species

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4
Q

Identification?

A

identify the unknown species based on essential characteristics and by
comparing with already existing species

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5
Q

Classification?

A

placing and arranging the known species according to similarities and
dissimilarities

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6
Q

Nomenclature?

A

giving the scientific name according to the convention

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7
Q

Systematics comes from which word

A

“systema”

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8
Q

what is systematics

A

the systematic arrangement of the organisms.
Broader field including diversity, relationships and the evolutionary process of the organisms

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9
Q

Importance of systematics?

A

1) simplification of study
2) Identification & naming
3) Understanding evolution
4) Practical application.

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10
Q

Who is the father of botany?

A

Theopharstus

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11
Q

Theophrastus, Classified plants as?

A

trees, shrubs, and
herbs based on growth form

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12
Q

Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778) Introduced ?

A

binomial nomenclature.

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13
Q

Revolutionized classification with the theory of evolution,
emphasizing common descent and phylogenetics

A

Charles Darwin (1809–1882)

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14
Q

Who gave us the 5 kingdom classification?

A

Robert Whittaker

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15
Q

What is the 5 kingdom classification based on?

A

cell structure,
nutrition,
body organization,
and reproduction

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16
Q

Muscle cells?

A

Kingdom animalia

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17
Q

Circular dna?

A

Kingdom monera

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18
Q

Hierarchy of Classification

A

Kingdom➜ (Phylum)Division➜ Class➜ Order➜ Family ➜ Genus ➜Species

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19
Q

Difference between monocot & dicot

A

-Monocots: One seed leaf, parallel venation, petals in 3s.
-Dicots: Two seed leaves, netted venation, petals in 4s/5s

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20
Q

Who wrote historia plantarum?

A

Theopharstus

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21
Q

Who wrote species plantarum

A

Carl linnaeus

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22
Q

Name 2 books written by cal linnaeus

A

species planatarum & philosiphia botanica

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23
Q

define artificial system of classification

A

categorizes plants based on observable traits (e.g., size, shape, or habitat) without
considering evolutionary relationships

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24
Q

Pliny the Elder classified based on?

A

based on utility, medicinal properties, and general habits, though not
scientifically rigorous

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25
Who is the father of modern taxonomy?
Carl linneaus
26
which system does carl linnaeus introduced?
SEXUAL SYSTEM: classifying plants by stamens and pistils:
27
who introduced binomial nomenclature?
Carl linneaus
28
Characteristics of artificial system?
Arbitrary Criteria Morphology Focus Simplicity No Evolutionary Basis Utility-Based Grouping
29
Demerits of artificial system?
 Inaccuracy  No Evolutionary Consideration  Over-Simplification  Limited Scope
30
Name the scientists involved in artificial system?
Theophrastus, Pliny the Elder, Carl Linnaeus
31
Define natural system of classification?
considering multiple traits like leaf structure, flower anatomy, and evolutionary history.  Emphasizes broad characteristics over arbitrary criteria, marking a shift from artificial systems.
32
in 📕Genera Plantarum who, grouped plants by (broad range characters) seed structure, cotyledons, and flower arrangement
Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu
33
George Bentham & Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker classified how many species?
97,205 species into 202 families in 📕Genera Plantarum
34
George Bentham & Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker divided phanerogamia into?
Dicotyledons, Gymnosperms, and Monocotyledons.
35
Dicotyledons is divied into?
1) Polypetalae: Flowers with free petals 2) Gamopetalae: Flowers with fused petals. 3) Monochlamydeae: Single whorl of perianth or no petals
36
Name the series of polypetale
Thalamiflorae: Superior ovary (e.g., Ranunculaceae). Disciflorae: Superior ovary with a disc-shaped structure (e.g., Rutaceae). Calyciflorae: Fused sepals (e.g., Rosaceae, Fabaceae)
37
Name the series of gamopetale
Inferae: Inferior ovary (e.g., Rubiaceae). Heteromerae: Superior ovary with multiple locules (e.g., Primulaceae). Bicarpellatae: Two-locular ovary (e.g., Solanaceae).
38
Name the series of monocotyledons
o seven series: o Microspermae: Small seeds (e.g., Orchidaceae). o Epigynae: Inferior ovary (e.g., Amaryllidaceae). o Coronaricae: Showy flowers (e.g., Liliaceae). o Calycinae: Inconspicuous flowers (e.g., Juncaceae). o Nudiflorae: No perianth (e.g., Typhaceae). o Apocarpae: Free carpels (e.g., Alismataceae). o Glumacee: Flowers covered by bracts (e.g., Poaceae).
39
which system bridged the gap between artificial and modern phylogenetic classifications.
Natural system
40
merits of natural system
Practical Use. Natural Affinities. Simplicity. Extensive Observation
41
Demerit of natural system
Gymnosperms was placed between dicot & monocot, unnatural arrangement No recognition of evolution Outdated and included artificial elements along with natural
42
which system was developed after Darwin’s theory of evolution
PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION
43
define PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION
Organizes species based on their evolutionary relationships rather than superficial similarities
44
Common Descent
Plants are grouped based on their evolutionary history and common ancestors.
45
Cladistics?
Classification based on branching patterns (clades) representing evolutionary relationships
46
Monophyletic Groups (Clades)
all descendants of a common ancestor.
47
Paraphyletic Groups
common ancestor but not all of its descendants
48
Polyphyletic Groups
Do not share a recent common ancestor; grouped based on superficial traits.
49
Phylogenetic Tree
cladograms created using cladistics, showing evolutionary relationships
50
Darwin's Theory of Evolution
species are related through a branching evolutionary process, laying the foundation for phylogenetic classification
51
Ernst Haeckel
created early phylogenetic trees to depict evolutionary relationships among species.
52
who introduced the term phylogeny?
Ernst haeckel
53
Name scientists in phylogeny system?
Charles Darwin, Ernst Haeckel, Engler, Prantl, Hutchinson, Takhtajan, Cronquist, Rolf Dalgrer, and Robert F Thorne
54
Name 2 main phylogenetic system?
1. Engler and Prantl's System 2. hutchinson's System of Classification
55
what was the focus of Engler and Prantl's System
morphological characteristics, evolutionary relationships, and developmental patterns
56
who classified plants based on the complexity of floral features,
Engler and Prantl's System simpler flowers (like unisexual, wind-pollinated) are considered primitive, and more complex flowers (like bisexual, insect-pollinated) as advanced
57
what are the 13 divisions of Engler and Prantl's System
Thallophytes (11 divisions) Embryophyta Asiphonogama: Non-seed plants (e.g., Bryophytes, Pteridophytes) mbryophyta Siphonogama: Seed plants (with pollen tubes).
58
Main features of Engler and Prantl's System
Hierarchical Structure, Key Divisions (Dichotyledonae & Monocotyledonae) Classification Scheme Families and Genera
59
Major Categories of engler & prantl
Angiosperms Gymnosperms Pteridophytes
60
Key Families of angiosperms
 Asteraceae: Composite flowers (e.g., daisies)  Fabaceae: Legumes (e.g., peas)  Rosaceae: Roses and related plants
61
Key Families of gymnosperms
 Pinaceae: Pine family  Cycadaceae: Cycads
62
Merits of engler & prantl
Phylogenetic Insight Comprehensive Coverage Morphological Basis
63
Demerits of engler & prantl
Static Nature Complexity Revisions Needed (genetics)
64
APG?
(Angiosperm Phylogeny Group)
65
Key Categories of hutchinson's classification
Thallophyta Bryophyta Pteridophyta Gymnospermae Angiospermae:
66
Dicotyledons of angiosperms of hutchinsons
Lignosae (woody plants) and Herbaoae (herbaceous plants)
67
67
Characteristics (key principles) of hutchinsons
Natural Classification Phylogenetic Relationships Morphological and Ecological Criteria Hierarchy of Categories
68
Merits hutchinson's
Reflects evolutionary relationships , Comphrensive & highlights ecological & genetic roles
69
Demerits hutchinson's
Complex & static in nature

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