Classification

Question 1

What is classification?

Answer 1

Organising every living thing into groups

Question 2

Why is classification seen as tentative?

Answer 2

New evidence from biochemistry may mean that groups change

Question 3

What does phylogenetic mean?

Answer 3

Organisms in the same group are more closely related

Question 4

What is each level in the taxonomic hierarchy called?

Answer 4

A taxon

Question 5

What are the seven different taxonomic levels?

Answer 5

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 6

What is a binomial name?

Answer 6

A Latin name for the animals

Question 7

Why are binomial names used?

Answer 7

So it is the same in all languages

Question 8

What is a species?

Answer 8

A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

Question 9

What is the first part of the binomial name?

Answer 9

The genus of the organism

Question 10

What is the second part of the binomial name?

Answer 10

The species of the organism

Question 11

What are the three domains?

Answer 11

Eubacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

Question 12

What are eubacteria?

Answer 12

‘True’ bacteria - prokaryotes

Question 13

What are archaea?

Answer 13

Extremophile prokaryotes

Question 14

What are eukarya?

Answer 14

All eukaryotic organisms (true membrane bound nucleus)

Question 15

What are extremophiles?

Answer 15

Organisms that live in a harsh environment

Question 16

What are the four different types of extremophiles?

Answer 16

Thermophiles
Halophiles
Psychrophiles
Methanophiles

Question 17

What are thermophiles?

Answer 17

Organisms that live in hot places

Question 18

What are halophiles?

Answer 18

Organisms that live in salty environments

Question 19

What are psychrophiles?

Answer 19

Organisms that live in cold places

Question 20

What are methanophiles?

Answer 20

Organisms that produce methane

Question 21

What are the five different kingdoms?

Answer 21

Animalia
Plantae
Protoctista
Fungi
Prokaryotae

Question 22

What are the features of prokaryotae?

Answer 22

No membrane bound nucleus/organelles
70s ribosomes
Peptidoglycogen wall
Unicellular
Heterotrophic or autotrophic

Question 23

What are the features of animalia?

Answer 23

Multicellular, eukaryotes
No cell wall
Heterotrophic - holozoic nutrition
Nervous coordination

Question 24

What are the features of plantae?

Answer 24

Multicellular, eukaryotic
Cellulose cell wall
Autotrophic

Question 25

What are the features of fungi?

Answer 25

Multi or unicellular, all eukaryotic Chitin cell wall Heterotrophic - saprotrophic nutrition Reproduce by spores Hyphae

Question 26

What are the features of protoctista?

Answer 26

Unicellular, prokaryotic Heterotrophic, autotrophic or both Diverse grouping

Question 27

What is a phylogenetic tree?

Answer 27

A diagram that represents the evolutionary pathways leading to different species

Question 28

What is a clade?

Answer 28

A group of branches from one common ancestor

Question 29

How can evidence for relatedness be shown?

Answer 29

Using DNA, RNA and proteins - compare the sequences and count the differences

Question 30

Would having more differences in their RNA/DNA mean the organisms are more or less closely related?

Answer 30

Less due to more mutations

Question 31

What happens in gel electrophoresis?

Answer 31

Gel allows small molecules to move further Electrical charges cause movement of negatively charged DNA fragments to + electrode Produces a DNA fingerprint which can be used for comparison

Question 32

What is morphology?

Answer 32

Looking at the shape and form of an organism

Question 33

What are homologous structures?

Answer 33

Similar structures with different functions e.g. pentadactyl limb - same structure in mammals, birds and reptiles but different functions Shows relatedness Divergent evolution

Question 34

What are analogous strutures?

Answer 34

Function is the same but origin is different e.g. bird and insect wings Convergent evolution

Question 35

What is divergent evolution?

Answer 35

The process where two or more species, sharing a common ancestor, evolve in different directions, resulting in increasingly dissimilar traits

Question 36

What is convergent evolution?

Answer 36

The process where unrelated species develop similar traits or adaptations due to inhabiting similar environments and facing similar selective pressures

Question 37

What is biodiversity?

Answer 37

Number of species and number of individuals of each species in a given area

Question 38

How is biodiversity arranged on the planet?

Answer 38

Spatially, increases from poles to the equator

Question 39

Why does biodiversity increase the closer to the equator you are?

Answer 39

More UV causes more mutations and more rapid evolution More species = more habitats and niches More stable environment = increased chance of survival

Question 40

How can biodiversity be measured?

Answer 40

Gridding - compare two areas Transects - gradual environment change Kick sampling in a stream - place net downstream of kicking area

Question 41

What are the hazards in field work?

Answer 41

Biting and stinging insects/plants Slippery surfaces Sunburn

Question 42

What is Simpsons diversity index?

Answer 42

(0-1) - if closer to 1 then more biodiversity Diversity Index (D) = N(N-1) / Σn(n-1)