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Biology - Component 2 > Sexual reproduction in plants > Flashcards

Sexual reproduction in plants Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the male reproductive parts of a plant called?

A

Stamen which is made up of the anther and filament.

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2
Q

What are the female reproductive parts of a plant called?

A

Carpel which is made up of the stigma, style and ovary (ovules inside ovary)

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3
Q

Where are pollen grains formed?

A

Inside anther

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4
Q

What are the small leaves under a flower called?

A

Sepal

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5
Q

What is the stem called?

A

Peduncle

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6
Q

What is the function of the petals?

A

Colourful to attract insects, inner whorl of the flower

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7
Q

What is the corolla?

A

Collective term for all petals

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8
Q

What is the function of the sepals?

A

Protect flower when budding

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9
Q

What is the calyx?

A

Collective term for all sepals

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10
Q

What is the function of the receptacle?

A

Basal portion of a flower to which all floral parts are attached

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11
Q

What is the function of the stamen?

A

Male reproductive part and consists of anther and filament

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12
Q

What is the function of the anther?

A

Male. Pollen produced by meiosis. 4 pollen sacs which split and release pollen

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13
Q

What is the function of the filament?

A

Male. Supports the anther and transports sucrose and amino acids for pollen grain formation

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14
Q

What is the carpel?

A

Female reproductive organs of a flower. Consists of stigma, style and ovary

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15
Q

What is the function of the stigma?

A

Female. Receive pollen

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16
Q

What is the function of the style?

A

Female. Holds stigma, tube produced by pollen which goes through style to the ovary

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17
Q

What is the function of the ovary in plants?

A

Female. Contain ovules and develop into fruit.

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18
Q

What is the function of the ovules?

A

Female. Contain egg cell and after fertilisation forms seeds

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19
Q

What is the function of pollination?

A

Transfer pollen from anther to the stigma

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20
Q

What is the structure of wind pollinated flower?

A

Lots of very small, light pollen to be carried by wind
Long anther exposed to wind to blow pollen
Long stigma to catch pollen
Small green petals as no need to attract insects
No scent
No nectar

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21
Q

What is the structure of an insect pollinated flower?

A

Few large sticky pollen grains
Shorter anther and stigma within flower. Sticky stigma to collect pollen
Big and colourful petals
Has scent and nectar

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22
Q

What is the main energy cost of a wind pollinated flower?

A

Producing a lot of pollen

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23
Q

What is the main energy cost of an insect pollinated flower?

A

Colourful petals, nectar, scent

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24
Q

Why may wind pollinated flowers be considered more effective?

A

Don’t have to rely on insects. Wind is mostly present

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25
Why may insect pollinated flowers be considered more effective?
Insects actively seek flowers
26
How do plants avoid self fertilisation?
Chemical/genetic incompatibility Stigma above anther Separate male and female plants Reproductive organs mature at different times Male and female reproductive organs in separate flowers on the same plant
27
Why would plants try to avoid self fertilisation?
Would reduce genetic variation
28
What is dehiscence of an anther?
When pollen is mature, the outer layers dry up and split open which releases mature pollen grains
29
What is the function of the tapetum in the structure of an anther?
Food store. Provide food and energy to maturing pollen
30
What is the function of the epidermis and fibrous layer in the structure of an anther?
Protective layers
31
How are pollen grains formed?
Mitosis --> Pollen mother cell (2n) --> meiosis --> 4 haploid microspores (m) --> separate and harden --> 4 x pollen grains --> mitosis --> two haploid nuclei per pollen grain (generative nuclei - male gamete and tube nuclei)
32
What is a tetrad?
4 haploid microspores
33
What is the order of ovule production?
Mitosis --> megaspore mother cell (2n) --> meiosis --> 4 x haploid nuclei --> 3 degenerate --> 1 x haploid nuclei --> mitosis (x3) --> 8 x genetically identical haploid nuclei
34
What is the arrangement of the 8 haploid nuclei in the embryo sac inside the ovule?
3 at the top - antipodal cells 2 in the middle - 2 x polar nuclei 3 at the bottom - egg in the middle and 2 synergids either side
35
What is the structure of an ovule?
Micropyle - entry point for pollen tube Integuments - walls of ovule Nucellus - cells provide nutrients for growth of ovule Embryo sac contains the haploid nuclei
36
What is the first stage of double fertilisation?
Pollen lands on stigma of same species plant. A sugary solution causes pollen to germinate and form a pollen tube
37
What is the second stage of double fertilisation?
The pollen tube secretes hydrolytic enzymes (cellulase and protease) as it grows. Digest and gain nutrients from style. Tube nucleus codes for enzyme production
38
What is the third stage of double fertilisation?
Pollen tube grows down the style following a gradient of chemoattractants secreted by the ovule (GABA)
39
What is the fourth stage of double fertilisation?
Behind the tube nucleus, the generative nucleus divides by mitosis to produce two male haploid nuclei. Tube nucleus precedes the growth of the two male haploid nuclei and controls growth of pollen tube
40
What is the fifth stage of double fertilisation?
Pollen tube reaches ovary through micropyle. Tube nucleus disintegrates and the tip of the pollen tube bursts releasing the two male gametes into the embryotic sac
41
What is the sixth stage of double fertilisation?
One male gamete fuses with egg nucleus to form a diploid zygote
42
What is the final stage of double fertilisation?
One male gamete fuses with polar nuclei to form a triploid endosperm nucleus which then divides by mitosis to form the endosperm tissue (food source)
43
What happens to the ovule after fertilisation?
Turns into a seed
44
What happens to the zygote after fertilisation?
Divide by mitosis to become an embryo
45
What happens to the ovary after fertilisation?
Develop into seeds
46
What happens to the integuments after fertilisation?
Become the testa (seed coat)
47
What happens to the micropyle after fertilisation?
Becomes a hole in testa
48
What is the radicle?
Embryo root
49
What is the plumule?
Embryo shoot
50
What is a cotyledon?
Food store for seed
51
How have plants/seeds adapted to disperse via wind dispersal?
Seeds have attachments to catch wind e.g. integuments in sycamore or feathery attachments in dandelion seeds
52
How have plants/seeds adapted to disperse via water dispersal?
Seed contains air so are buoyant e.g. coconut
53
How have plants/seeds adapted to disperse via animal dispersal?
Seeds surrounded by fruit so are eaten and secreted e.g. blackberries OR Have attachments like hooks to latch onto animal e.g. burrs
54
How have plants/seeds adapted to disperse via mechanical dispersal?
Plants have explosive dispersal methods to shoot seeds away from parent plant e.g. squirting cucumbers
55
What is the difference between pollination and dispersion?
Pollination is pre fertilisation Dispersion is post fertilisation
56
What are monocotyledons?
Have one cotyledon. Main food store is the endosperm. Ovary wall still present so technically fruit though referred to as grains e.g. cereal, maize, rice
57
What are dicotyledons?
Have two cotyledons which act as a food store. Some are able to photosynthesise. No endosperm e.g. broad bean
58
What conditions are needed for germination?
1. Water to rehydrate seeds. Crack open seed coat so roots can grow and allows hydrolytic enzymes to work 2. Oxygen. Respiration for ATP - metabolism and growth 3. Optimum temperature for enzymes that are involved with germination
59
What are the stages of germination in a broad bean?
1. Water triggers hydrolysis of food reserves which pass to growing tips 2. Tissue swells and testa splits 3. Aerobic respiration of sugars allow radicle (root) to grow 4. Once radicle has emerged it channels minerals and water to plumule. Plumule is bent in a hook so the tip isn't damaged when pushing up through the soil 5. Plumule breaks through soil and unfurls, beginning photosynthesis. Cotyledons remain underground
60
What is the aleurone layer?
The outer endosperm layer of a seed
61
How is gibberellin used in plant germination?
Water imbibed through micropyle. Cotyledons swell and testa splits allowing more O2 in for aerobic respiration Rehydration activates a gene in the embryo that codes for gibberellin synthesis. The gibberellin diffuses into the aleurone layer which contains proteins Gibberellin induces synthesis of amylase (hydrolytic enzymes) Amylase breaks down starch in the endosperm into maltose Maltose converted to glucose Glucose used in respiration to allow growth of radicle and plumule
62
What does imbibed mean?
Absorbed/taken in
63
What is gibberellin?
A plant hormone that induces the synthesis of amylase

Biology - Component 2 (6 decks)

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