classification

Question 1

system of classification

Answer 1

domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Question 2

species definition

Answer 2

a group of closely related organisms which are capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring

Question 3

classification definition

Answer 3

the process of placing living things into groups, done by grouping things according to how closely related they are

Question 4

what are the 3 domains

Answer 4

eukarya - 80s ribosomes
archaea - extreme environments
eubacteria - all environments

Question 5

what are the 5 kingdoms

Answer 5

animals
plants
fungi
prokaryotes
protists

Question 6

what is phylogenetics

Answer 6

the study of the evolutionary history of groups of organisms

Question 7

evidence used for phylogenetic tree

Answer 7

species similarities/differences of physical characteristics and DNA/proteins/fossil evidence

Question 8

what is a cladogram

Answer 8

depicts evolutionary relationships among groups, based on phylogeny

Question 9

advantages of phylogenetic classification

Answer 9

• doesn’t need Linnaean classification
• continuous so not forced to put organism into specific group where they don’t fit
• Linnaean implies different groups within same rank equivalent but some groups are not comparable

Question 10

James Hutton

Answer 10

uniformitarianism, natural processes shape land and always have - challenges biblical view

Question 11

Charles Lyell

Answer 11

fossils are evidence that animals lived millions of years ago

Question 12

Alfred Russel Wallace

Answer 12

came up with same theory as Darwin but less evidence

Question 13

Charles Darwin

Answer 13

noticed variation between Galapagos islands finches, individuals in species show wide range of variation, differences in genes caused by mutation, characteristics most suited to environments survive and reproduces, successful alleles passed onto offspring

Question 14

comparative anatomy

Answer 14

study of similarities/ differences in organsisms body structures

Question 15

homologous structure

Answer 15

appear different but same internal structure (divergent evolution - common ancestor but adapted)

Question 16

neutral changes

Answer 16

non-critical AA change, compare DNA base sequences to see how closely related (comparative biochemistry)

Question 17

interspecific variation

Answer 17

between different species

Question 18

intraspecific variation

Answer 18

between same species e.g. fur colour

Question 19

continuous variation

Answer 19

any value within a range determined by several genes e.g. height/weight

Question 20

discontinuous variation

Answer 20

determined by one gene e.g. blood group

Question 21

anatomical

Answer 21

physical e.g. eyespots/rolled leaves

Question 22

behavioural

Answer 22

innate (webs) or leaned (sticks to help find food)

Question 23

physiological

Answer 23

body functions e.g. antifreeze proteins

Question 24

convergent evolution

Answer 24

same adaptation but different species/not related

Question 25

stabilising selection

Answer 25

no environmental factor, stabilise towards mean as those with extremes do not survive (natural selection)

Question 26

directional selection

Answer 26

environmental conditions change, natural selection

Question 27

genetic bottleneck

Answer 27

large numbers of original population die, reduced population and some alleles lost, reproduction, new population and genetic diversity is greatly reduced

Question 28

the founder effect

Answer 28

small number of individuals migrate or become isolated from original population, small and non-representative sample of alleles from parent population gene pool, reproduction and reduced allele frequency so less genetic variation

Question 29

genetic drift

Answer 29

characteristics passed on by chance rather than factors which affect survival, random change in allele frequency (mutation/chance event) cause some alleles to disappear, some phenotypes become more/less popular, the amount it affects population depends on size