Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AP Biology > Classification > Flashcards

Classification Flashcards

1
Q

Taxa

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The Five Kingdoms

A

Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia (sometimes Archaebacteria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Three-Domain System

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Bacteria Domain Comparison

A

No membrane enclosed organelles; Peptidoglycan in the cell wall; One type of RNA polymerase; Introns are absent; Antibiotic sensitivity to streptomycin ad chloramphenicol inhibited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Archaea Domain Comparison

A

No membrane enclosed organelles; Peptidoglycan absent in the cell wall; Several kinds of RNA polymerase; Introns are present in some genes; Antibiotic sensitivity to streptomycin and chloramphenicol are not inhibited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Eukarya Domain Comparison

A

Membrane enclosed organelles; Peptidoglycan absent in the cell wall; Several kinds of RNA polymerase; Introns are present; Antibiotic sensitivity to streptomycin and chloramphenicol are not inhibited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Domain Bacteria

A

Some are anaerobes/aerobes; decomposers; pathogens; used in genetic engineering; carry out conjugation; photosynthetic/not photosynthetic; viruses included

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Domain Archaea

A

Unicellular; includes extremophiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Conjugation

A

primitive form of sexual reproduction where individuals exchange genetic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Extremophiles

A

Include methanogens which obtain energy by producing methane from hydrogen. Halophiles thrive in areas with high salt concentrations. Thermophiles thrive in very high temperatures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Domain Eukarya

A

Includes Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Kingdom Protista

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Kingdom Fungi

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Kingdom Plantae

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Kingdom Animalia

A

…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Evolutionary Trends in Animals

A

Organisms begin as tiny, primitive, single-celled organisms in oceans. Then, about 1.5 billion years ago multicellular eukaryotic organisms evolved. Trends include: specialization of tissues, germ layers, body symmetry, cephalization and body cavity formation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Primitive Developmental Features

A
  • No symmetry/radial symmetry with little to no sensory apparatus
  • Two cell layers: ectoderm and endoderm
  • No Coelom
  • No true tissue
  • Life in water
  • Sessile
  • Few Organs/No organ systems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Complex Developmental Features

A
  • Bilateral symmetry with a head end and complex sensory apparatus
  • Cephalization
  • Triploblastic: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
  • Pseudocoelom to coelom
  • True tissues, organs and organ systems
  • Life on land and all the modification it requires
  • Motile
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cell

A

basic unit of all forms of life (ex. Nueron)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Tissue

A

groups of cells that perform a particular function (Sciatic Nerve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Organ

A

group of tissues that work together to perform related functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Germ Layer

A

the three main layers of the body that form various tissues and organs of the body; formed through gastrulation

23
Q

Ectoderm

A

outermost germ layer; becomes the skin and nervous system; includes the brain and spinal cord

24
Q

Endoderm

A

innermost germ layer; becomes the viscera (guts) or the digestive system

25
Mesoderm
middle germ layer; becomes the blood and bones
26
Two Germ Layers
diploblastic; Porifera and Cnidarians only have the ectoderm and endoderm with the mesoglea to connect the two
27
Bilateral Symmetry
the body is organized along a longitudinal axis with the right and left sides that mirror each other; echinoderms are an exception because they have bilateral symmetry as larvae and convert to radial symmetry as adults; bilateral animals are usually triploblastic
28
Cephalization/Development of the Head End
With bilateral symmetry comes and anterior (front) end and a posterior (back) end; Sensory apparatus and brains are located in the anterior while digestive, excretory and reproductive organs are located in the posterior
29
Coelom
fluid filled body cavity; arises from within the mesoderm and is surrounded by mesoderm tissue; provides space for transport and respiratory systems
30
Acoelomates
Porifera, Cnidaria, and Platyhelminthes which have no coelom; their three germ layers are packed with no body cavity except the digestive one
31
Pseudocoelomates
Nematodes or roundworms have a fluid filled tube between the endoderm and the mesoderm; Acts as a hydrostatic skeleton and increases effectiveness of an animal's muscular contractions
32
Protostomes
Division of coelomates in which the first opening, called the blastopore, becomes the mouth. Include annelids, mollusks and arthropods.
33
Deuterostomes
Division of coelomates in which the second opening becomes the mouth and the first opening becomes the anus. Include echinoderms and chordates.
34
Porifera - The Sponges - Invertebrates
- No nerves, muscles, symmetry or movement. - Spongocoel is a central cavity that filters water drawn to it. - Diploblastic - Only three types of cells: choanocytes, spicules, and amoebocytes. - Evolved from colonial organisms. - Reproduce sexually and through sexually as they are hermaphrodites.
35
Porifera: Choanocytes
collar cells that line the body cavity and have flagella that circulate water
36
Porifera: Spicules
supportive and classification is done by the type of spicule
37
Porifera: Amoebocytes
cells that move on their own and perform functions such as reproduction, carrying food particles to non-feeding cells and secretion of material that forms the spicules
38
Cnidarians - Hydra and Jellyfish
- Invertebrates with radial symmetry. - Polyp (vase) shaped or medusa (upside down bowl) shaped. - Diploblastic - The gastrovascular cavity it where extracellular digestion occurs. - Intracellular digestion is carried out by lysosomes. - Have no transport systems - Contain stinging cells called cnidocytes.
39
Life Cycle of Cnidarians
Some go through a planula larva stage then go through two reproductive stages: asexually reproducing poly stage and a sexually reproducing medusa stage
40
Platyhelminthes - Flatworms + Tapeworms
- Invertebrates that are the simplest animals with bilateral symmetry, anterior end, three cell layers, and cephalization. - Have true tissues and organs. - Digestive tract has one opening for digestion and excretion so they do not occur at the same time. - Acoelomates: have a flat body to keep cells in contact with oxygen and a branched digestive cavity to spread nutrients
41
Nematoda - Roundworms
- Unsegmented invertebrates with bilateral symmetry and litter sensory apparatus. - Protostome pseudocoelmates - Pseudocoelom transports nutrients with little room for a circulatory system. - Parasitic - Trichinosis
42
Annelida - Segmented Worms: Earthworms/Leeches
- Invertebrate, Protostome coelomates with bilateral symmetry yet little sensory apparatus - Digestive tract is a tube within a tube consisting of a crop, gizzard and intestine - Nephridia used for excretion of nitrogenous waste and urea - Closed circulatory system with a five aortic arch heart - Hemoglobin in blood - Diffusion of O and CO2 - Hermaphroditic but no self fertilization
43
Mollusca - Squids, Octopuses, Slugs, Clams and Snails
- Invertebrate, Protostome coelomates - Soft body with hard, calcium-containing shell - Bilateral symmetry - Radula, movable tooth-bearing structure, acts as a tongue - Open circulatory system with blood-filled spaces called hemocoels, lack capillaries - Gills and Nephridia
44
Body Zones of Mollusca
In the head-foot zone, it contains sensory and motor organs. In the visceral mass it contains the organs of digestion, excretion and reproduction. The Mantle zone is a specialized tissue that surrounds the visceral mass and secretes the shell.
45
Arthropoda - Insects (grasshoppers), Crustaceans (shrimp, crabs), and Arachnids (spiders)
- Invertebrates, Protostome coelomates with jointed appendages and segmented head, thorax and abdomen - Have more sensory apparatus than annelids which give them more speed and movement - Chitinous exoskeleton protects and aids in movement - Open circulatory system with a tubular heat and hemocoel, lack capillaries - Malpighian tubules remove nitrogenous wastes and uric acid - Aird ducts bring air from trachea into hemocoels - Book lungs/ book gills
46
Echinodermata - Sea Stars (starfish) and Sea Urchins
- Invertebrate, Deuterostome coelomates that are sessile/ slow - Bilateral as embryo and radial as an adult (adaptation for sessile lifestyle) - Water vascular system (modified coelom) created hydrostatic pressure for tube feet (the locomotive structures) - Sexual reproduction with external fertilization - Fragmentation and regeneration - endoskeleton with calcium plates that grow into the body
47
Chordata - Fishes, Amphibians, reptiles, Birds and Mammals
- Vertebrate, deuterostome coelomates with a notochord that extends the length of the body and serves as a flexible axis - Dorsal with hollow nerve cord - Tails that aid in movement and balance (coccyx bones in humans) - Birds and mammals are endotherms and homeotherms while others are ectotherms
48
Endotherm/Homeotherm
maintain a consistent body temperature
49
Mammals
- Keratin in hair/fur - Mother provides milk - Homeotherms
50
Placental Mammals
Eutherians' born and the embryo develops internally in a uterus connected to the mother by placenta where nutrients diffuse from mother to embryo
51
Marsupials
Mammals; Kangaroos; born early in embryonic development and the joey completes its development while nursing in the mother's pouch
52
Monotremes
egg-laying mammals; platypus and anteater; derive nutrients from a shelled egg
53
Primates
- Descended from insectivores - Dexterous hands (sensitive/nerve endings) with opposable hands - Claws replaced by nails - Front -facing eyes enhance communication - Parents young (nurture their young for a long time) - humans, gorillas, chimpanzees, orangutans, gibbons etc.

AP Biology (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions