Classification Flashcards by Amy P

How many people suffer from schizophrenia worldwide?

%; 50% of all mentally ill patients

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What is catatonic schizophrenia?

The most severe and permanent form of the illness that can include stupor (not moving for long periods of time)

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What characterises type I schizophrenia?

Acute with positive symptoms

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What characterises type II schizophrenia?

Chronic with negative symptoms

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What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia? Name three positive symptoms of schizophrenia

The acquisition of abnormal behaviours.

Delusions, paranoia and hallucinations

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Define hallucination

The perception of something being real that does not truly exist (false sensations)

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Define delusion

A false belief that is resistant to confrontation with the truth (false beliefs)

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Do positive symptoms of schizophrenia respond well to medication? Do symptoms occur in short or long episodes?

Yes; short

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What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

Behaviours displaying disruption of typical emotions and actions - a loss of normal functioning. Chronic, longer-lasting episodes that are resistant to medication such as flat-effect, speech poverty and avolition

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What is necessary for a diagnosis of schizophrenia?

The presence of two or more symptoms for more than one month

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What is chronic onset schizophrenia?

Sufferers become increasingly disturbed through gradual withdrawal over a prolonged period of time

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What is acute onset schizophrenia?

Symptoms appear suddenly after a stressful incident

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What are the three symptoms of schizophrenia developed by Schneider?

Passivity experiences and thought disorders, auditory hallucinations and primary delusions

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What are the four symptoms of schizophrenia added by Slater and Roth?

Thought-process disorders, disturbance of effect, psychomotor disturbances and avolition

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Define passivity experiences and thought disorders

Thoughts and actions are perceived as being under external control. Sufferers may believe that their thoughts are being inserted, withdrawn or broadcasted to others

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Define auditory hallucinations

Experiencing voices, often insulting, inside their head that form running commentaries or discuss the sufferer’s behaviour, anticipate their thoughts or repeat their thoughts out loud

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Define primary delusions

These are usually of grandeur or believing they are somebody important e.g. Jesus reborn. Later these become delusions of persecution, where sufferers believe someone is trying to harm them

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Define thought process disorders

Sufferers wander off the point, invent new words and phrases, muddle their words, interpret language literally and indulge in speech poverty (excessively brief replies to questions with minimal elaboration)

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Define disturbances of effect

Sufferers appear uncaring or as having innapropriate emotional responses, often reacting to bad news with laughter etc. and having severe and sudden mood swings

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Define psychomotor disturbances

Adopt frozen statue-like poses, exhibit tics, twitches and repetitive behaviour such as pacing

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Define avolition

Displaying an inability to make decisions, having no enthusiasm or energy, losing interest in personal hygiene, sociability and affection

What are the three most common primary delusions?

Grandiose, persecutory and somatic

Define test-retest reliability in relation to schizophrenia

When a clinician makes the same diagnosis on separate occasions from the same information

Define inter-rater reliability in relation to schizophrenia?

When different clinicians make the same diagnosis independent of each other for the same person

What did Soderberg and Beck find?

There was an 81% concordance rate of clinicians using the DSM classification system; a 54% concordance rate

Describe predictive validity in relation to schizophrenia

If diagnosis leads to effective treatment diagnosis is seen as valid

Describe descriptive validity in relation to schizophrenia

Patients with schizophrenia should differ from patients with other disorders

Describe aetiological validity in relation to schizophrenia

All schizophrenics should have the same cause for the disorder

Whose key piece of research demonstrates the lack of validity in the diagnosis of schizophrenia?

Rosenhan

What is co-morbidity?

When one or more additional disorder or diseases occur simultaneously with schizophrenia

What issue does co-morbidity raise and why?

Descriptive validity; having simultaneous disorders suggests that schizophrenia may not be a separate disorder

What did Buckley find?

29% of sufferers have PTSD, 50% have depression and 23% have OCD alongside schizophrenia

What did Jeste et al. find?

Schizophrenics with co-morbid conditions are excluded from research but they form the majority of schizophrenia patients, meaning that research findings lack population validity and cannot be generalised to most sufferers

What is culture bias?

The tendancy to over-diagnose members of other cultures as suffering from schizophrenia

What did Cochrane find?

Those of Afro-Caribbean origin are seven times more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia in Britain despite the incidence of schizophrenia being the same in the West Indies as Britain (1%)

What did Fernando discuss?

People from ethnic minorities experience greater levels of racism and poverty than white people which causes higher incidences of schizophrenia as a stressor can trigger schizophrenic symptoms

What is the gender bias in relation to schizophrenia?

Clinicians (the majority of whom are men) have misapplied diagnostic criteria to women, and recent studies suggest that there may be up to 50% more male sufferers

Who suffers more from negative symptoms and substance abuse?

Men

Who have better recovery rates and lower relapse rates?

Women

When are the ages of onset for men?

18 and 25

When are the ages of onset for women?

23-35

When are the peak ages for schizophrenia onset in men?

21 and 39

When are the peak ages for schizophrenia onset in women?

22, 37 and 62

What did Lewin et al. find?

When clearer diagnostic criteria was applied the number of female sufferers became much lower

What other disorders does schizophrenia have an overlap with?

Bipolar, depression, cocaine consumption and autism

What does Wray et al. report?

Schizophrenia and bipolar share variations at four chromosomal sites and the heritability overlap is 15%

Type I schizophrenia and bipolar are both mediated by...

Excesses of dopamine signalling

Type II schizophrenia and depressive episodes are both...

Regulated by serotonin

What did Ketter find?

Misdiagnosis due to symptom overlap can lead to years of delay in receiving treatment and in the meantime suffering and further degeneration can occur as well as high levels of suicide

Is the DSM idiographic or nomothetic?

Nomothetic

What is considered a better predictor of mental illness than the DSM?

Medical history

What is the aetiological phallacy?

Assuming a cause of a disorder because a treatment worked