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Zoology > Classification and Diversity > Flashcards

Classification and Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

Organisms can be classified based on _________ _______

A

Physical similarities

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2
Q

Who developed the scientific naming system still used today?

A

Linnaeus

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3
Q

This is a group (level) of organisms in a classified system

A

Taxon

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4
Q

Two part naming system

A

Binomial nomenclature (the two parts are genus and species)

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5
Q

Species in the same genus are thought to be _________ ________

A

Closely related

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6
Q

Genus name is always _______

A

Capitalized

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7
Q

This is the second part of a scientific name, is always lowercase, and always follows genus

A

Species

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8
Q

How many levels does Linnaeus’ classification system have?

A

Seven (even level includes the level above it)

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9
Q

Why does the Linnaean classification system have limitations?

A

It doesn’t account for molecular evidence and is based on only physical similarities

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10
Q

What is modern classification based on?

A

Evolutionary relationships

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11
Q

What is classification based in common ancestry?

A

Cladistics

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12
Q

The evolutionary history for a group of species, (evidence, fossil record, molecular data)

A

Phylogeny

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13
Q

What is an evolutionary tree made using cladistics?

A

A cladogram

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14
Q

This is a group of species that shares a common ancestor

A

Clade

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15
Q

Traits shared in different degrees by clade members

A

Derived characters

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16
Q

More closely related species share more ________ _______

A

Derived characters

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17
Q

These represent the most recent common ancestor of a clade

A

Nodes

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18
Q

Molecular evidence reveals ________ ________

A

Species’ relatedness

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19
Q

These provide clues to evolutionary history by using mutations to estimate time

A

Molecular clocks

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20
Q

Mutations add up at ______ ________ _______ in related species

A

A constant rate

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21
Q

As more time passes, more ______ will take place

A

Mutations

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22
Q

Scientists estimate mutation rates by _______ ________ _______ _____ ________ ______

A

Linking molecular data and real time

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23
Q

Mitochondrial DNA and ribosomal RNA provide _____________

A

Two types of molecular clocks

24
Q

Different molecules have different _________ ________

A

Mutation rates

25
Q

A higher mutation rate means better studying ____________ __________ _________

A

Closely related species

26
Q

A lower mutation rate mean better for studying ________ _______ ______

A

Distantly related species

27
Q

What is used to study closely related species

A

Mitochondrial DNA because mutation time is ten times faster than nuclear DNA

28
Q

This is passed down unshuffled from mother to offspring

A

Mitochondrial DNA

29
Q

This is inherited from both parents, making it more difficult to trace back through generations

A

Nuclear DNA

30
Q

This is used to study distantly related species

A

Ribosomal RNA because it’s mutation rate is lower than most DNA

31
Q

How many domains does the current tree of life have?

A

Three

32
Q

What are the three domains in the tree of life?

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

33
Q

Domains are all above ______

A

The kingdom level

34
Q

Who proposed the tree of life?

A

Carl Woese based on his rRNA studies of prokaryotes

35
Q

One of the largest groups on earth, classified by shape, need for oxygen, and diseases caused

A

Domain bacteria

36
Q

Cell walls chemically different from bacteria, differences discovered by studying RNA, known for living in extreme environment

A

Domain archaea

37
Q

What kingdoms does Domain Eukarya contain?

A

Includes Kindom Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia

38
Q

Why are bacteria and archaea hard to classify?

A

They transfer genes among themselves outside of reproduction and it blurs the lines between species

39
Q

Any plane passing through center; divides body into mirrored halves

A

Spherical symmetry

40
Q

Body divided into similar halves by more than 2 planes passing though longitude axis

A

Radial symmetry

41
Q

Found chiefly among some unicellular forms; ground in shape, no distinct top or bottom

A

Spherical symmetry

42
Q

Free floating or weakly swimming animals, distinct top and bottom; no anterior or posterior end; can interact with environment in all directions

A

Radial symmetry

43
Q

Random, having 2 sides that are not the same

A

Asymmetrical

44
Q

Organism can be divided along the sagittal plane into two mirror portions; right and left halves; much better fitted for directional (forward) movement

A

Bilateral symmetry

45
Q

Associates with cephalization, differentiation of a head region with concentration of nervous tissue and sense organs

A

Bilateral symmetry

46
Q

Anterior (cranial)

A

Head end

47
Q

Posterior (caudal)

A

Tail end

48
Q

Dorsal

A

Backside

49
Q

Ventral

A

Front or belly side

50
Q

Medial

A

Midline of body

51
Q

Lateral

A

Sides

52
Q

Distal

A

Parts father from the middle of the body

53
Q

Proximal

A

Parts are nearer to the middle of the body

54
Q

Frontal plane (coronal plane)

A

Divides bilateral body into dorsal and ventral halves

55
Q

Sagittal plane

A

Divides body into right and left halves

56
Q

Transverse plane (cross section)

A

Divides body into anterior and posterior portions

Zoology (5 decks)

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