Classification and evolution

Question 1

What are the five kingdoms

Answer 1

• Animalia
• Plantae
• Prokrayotae
• Fungi
• Protocista

Question 2

What are the features of Prokaryotae

Answer 2

• Unicellular
• no nucleus
• less than 5 micrometres

Question 3

What are the features of Protoctista

Answer 3

• eukaryotic cells
• usually live in water
• single-celled or mutlucelluar
• can be heterotrophs or autotroph

Question 4

What are the features of Fungi

Answer 4

• Eukaryotic cells
• chitin cell wall
• unicellular
• saprotrophs

Question 5

What are the features of Plantae

Answer 5

• Eukaryotic
• multicellular
• cellulose cell wall
• contain chlrophyll
• autotrophic

Question 6

What are the features of Animalia

Answer 6

• Eukaryotic
• multicellular
• no cell wall
• hetrotrophic

Question 7

State the meaning of the term classification

Answer 7

when you group organisms based on similarities and differences

Question 8

What is taxonomy

Answer 8

study of classifcation

Question 9

What are the 8 levels of the taxonomic hierarchy

Answer 9

Domain

kingdom (king)
phylum (Phillip)
class (cried)
order (out)
family (for)
genus (goodness)
species (sake)

Question 10

What is the binomial system and why do we use it

Answer 10

Latin name for species
first part of the name is genus second is species
written in italics
or underlined in an exam

Why do we use it?

• universal / recognised worldwide /
• know which , genus / species , it belongs to
• idea of different common name for the same organism

Question 11

What is phyloengy

Answer 11

the study of evolutionary relationships between organisms

Question 12

According to phyogenics what is a species

Answer 12

the smallest group that shares a common ancestor (the end of the branch)

Question 13

What is evdience is there for classification

Answer 13

1. Fossil record
2. Embroylogical
3. Molecular (cytochrome C and DNA)

Question 14

What is evdience is there for classification

Answer 14

1. Fossil record
   provides evidence of how organisms evolved
2. Molecular evidence
   How similar an organisms DNA is
   can compare DNA sequences
   Can also compare amino acids sequences an example being cytochrome C (more similar more related)
3. Embryological evidence
   similarities in early stage of an organims development

Question 15

What are the differences between archaea and bacteria

Answer 15

Molecular evidence

• RNA is archaea is different to the one in bacteria
• also archaea has similar histones to eukaryotes

Celluar evidence

• Bonds in lipids are different between archaea and bacteria
• development of flagellum between them is also different

Question 16

What is variation

Answer 16

differences that exist between individuals/things etc

Question 17

What is intraspecific variation

Answer 17

variation within a species

Question 18

What is interspecfic variation

Answer 18

variation between species

Question 19

What are the features of contionous variation

ii) examples in plants, animals and microrganims

Answer 19

• no distinct categories
• influenced by many genes (polygenic) and the environment
• usually in line graphs, histograms

examples: height, body mass, (animals)
leaf surface area, mass of seeds, in microorganisms length of flagellum, width of e-coli

Question 20

What are the features of discontinous variation

ii) what are the features in plants animals and microgranisms

Answer 20

• phenotypes grouped into distinct categories (2 or more)
• data plotted on a bar graph
• usually controlled by one gene or a small number

examples: blood group, tongue rolling (animals)
in plants seed shape, or colours of courgette
microorganisms antibiotic resistance and pigment production

Question 21

What factors can cause variation

Answer 21

• Genetic
  examples: eye colour, blood type,antibiotic resistance in bacteria
• environmental: can be controlled by the environment
  examples: accents, piercings

Question 22

Give an example of something that can be controlled by both environmental and genetic factors

Answer 22

• Height: genes can determine how tall an organism is, but diet or nutrient availability controls how tall you can grow
• Flagellum: genes determine if a microorganism can grow one, but some will grow if it’s in the right enviorment

Question 23

Why do we use standard deviation

Answer 23

less influenced by extreme scores

Question 24

What is standard deviation

Answer 24

tells you the spread of your data

Question 25

What is an adaption

Answer 25

A feature that helps an organism survive

Question 26

What are the different types of adaptions

Answer 26

Anatomical: structural features of teh body (ear size, shape)

Physiological: processes inside orgamims body. (temperature regulation, lowering metabolism during hibernation, bacteria produce antibiotics to kill others in an area)

Behavioural: things that the animal does (burrowing, hibernating, migrating, playing dead, dancing before mating)

Question 27

What is convergent evolution

Answer 27

two species develop similar characteristics but evolve independently of each other (but are adapted to live In similar environments

Question 28

What are the differences between marsipual mammals and placental mammals

Answer 28

• Marisuplas have a short gestation period whereas placental mammals are longer
• marsupials don’t develop a full placenta but placental mammals do
• marsupials are born early and live in mothers pouch and develop in there, but placental mammals are born fully developed

Question 29

What are teh differneces and simlarties between marsipual moles(mm) and placental moles (pm)

Answer 29

Differences

• MM short gestation period whereas pm longer one
• MM baby is partially developed, develops in pouch, whereas pm develops fully in placenta

Similarities

• small eyes because they don’t need to see underground
• scoop-shaped powerful paws good for digging
• claws are specialised for digging
• a tube-shaped body and cone-shaped head good for pushing through sand or soil

Question 30

What were Darwins 4 observaions

Answer 30

1. organisms that produce more offspring survive
2. variation of characteristics of members in same species
3. some characteristics passed onto one generation to next
4. individuals best adapted are more likely to survive

Question 31

How does natrual selection happen

Answer 31

• variation caused by mutation
• selection pressure
• most die, but ones with mutation survive
• survivours reproduce
• pass allele onto offspring
• happens over generations

Question 32

Who else helped darwins with his theories of evolution

Answer 32

-Wallace, provided observations

Question 33

What kind of evidence shows how that evolution occurred and how

Answer 33

Fossil record
-you can arrange them in chronological order, as see the gradual change of like a limb or smth

Molecular evidence
-organisms that diverged from each other should have similar base pairs

other evidence
proteins and other molecules more recently you diverged more similar amino acids you have

Question 34

Give an example of an organism that is resistant to pesticides and explain the reasons why it happened

Answer 34

Mosquitoes used to be killed by the pesticide DDT, but in the 1950s resistant mosquitoes became widespread

Why?
Genetic mutations gave mosquitoes the allele to be resistant to DDT
-the whole natural selection thing

Question 35

What are the implications of pesticde resistence for humans

Answer 35

• Destruction of crops
• expensive and time consuming to produce new pesticides
• it may increase human diseases
• may have to use broader pesticides which will kill beneficial insects (bees, ladybirds)