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Biology: Module 4: Biodiversity, Evolution & Disease > Classification And Evolution > Flashcards

Classification And Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Order of classification

A

Domain kingdom phylum class order family genus species

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2
Q

How the binomial naming system works

A

First word is the genus, second word is the species, words are in Latin

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3
Q

Advantages of the binomial naming system and classification as a whole

A

Differences in names between languages, common names don’t give detail about evolutionary relationships over continents, sharing of research

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4
Q

Features used to classify Prokaryotae

A

Unicellular, no nucleus, small ribosomes, nutrients absorbed or produced by photosynthesis

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5
Q

Features used to classify Protoctista

A

Unicellular, nucleus, some have chloroplasts or cilia, autotrophic or heterotrophic, some parasitic

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6
Q

Features used to classify Fungi

A

Unicellular or multicellular, nucleus, cell wall of chitin, no chloroplasts, no movement, body made of threads or hyphae, saprophytic, store food as glycogen

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7
Q

Name for the body of a Fungus

A

Mycelium

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8
Q

Features used to classify Plantae

A

Multicellular, nucleus, chloroplasts, cellulose cell wall, autotrophic, store food as starch

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9
Q

Features used to classify Animalia

A

Multicellular, nucleus, no chloroplasts, can move, heterotrophic, store food as glycogen

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10
Q

Names of the 5 kingdoms

A

Prokaryotae, Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

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11
Q

What was originally used for classification?

A

Similarities in observable features

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12
Q

Number of kingdoms

A

5

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13
Q

Sources of evidence that has been used for new classification systems

A

DNA sequencing, similarity in haemoglobin structure, rRNA sequences, membrane lipid structure, sensitivity to antibiotics

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14
Q

Evidence that was used for the three domain system

A

rRNA sequences, membrane lipid structure, sensitivity to antibiotics, ribosome structure

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15
Q

What does the similarity in haemoglobin structure show?

A

Common ancestry between primate groups

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16
Q

How did rRNA sequences provide evidence for the three domain system?

A

Organisms in the different domains have different forms of rRNA

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17
Q

How did the membrane lipid structure provide evidence for the three domain system?

A

Organisms in the different domains have different lipids in their membranes

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18
Q

Three domains

A

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

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19
Q

How to identify Eukarya

A

80s ribosomes, RNA polymerase has 12 proteins

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20
Q

How to identify Archaea

A

70s ribosomes, RNA polymerase has between 8 and 10 proteins

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21
Q

How to identify bacteria

A

70s ribosomes, RNA polymerase has 5 proteins

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22
Q

Six kingdoms in the three domain system

A

Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protoctista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia

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23
Q

Why is the kingdom of Eubacteria separated from that of Archaebacteria?

A

Eubacteria have peptidoglycan in their cell walls and archaebacteria don’t, different ribosome structures

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24
Q

Examples of Archaebacteria

A

Methanogens

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25
Examples of Eubacteria
Most bacteria
26
Differences between the domain and kingdom classification systems
3 domains, 5 kingdoms, 6 kingdoms in the domain system but only 5 in the kingdom system, domain system based on rRNA, eukaryotes are all in the same domain but are split in kingdoms
27
Phylogeny
Evolutionary relationships between organisms
28
Relationship between phylogeny and classification
Phylogeny used to confirm that the classification groups are correct
29
Advantages of phylogenetic classification
Not forced to put organisms into specific groups, takes into account evolutionary relationships that might not be obvious, different groups represented according to evolutionary position so can be compared
30
Contribution of Darwin in formulating the theory of evolution by natural selection
Realised that evolution is a slow process, used finches and tortoise shells to show the process of natural selection
31
Evidence provided by finches for natural selection
Shape of finch beak was linked to the food that was available, better adapted finch would get more food, would pass adaptations onto offspring
32
Evidence provided by tortoise shells for natural selection
Tortoise shells sent back from different Galapagos Islands were of different subspecies
33
Contribution of Wallace in formulating the theory of evolution by natural selection
Came up with a similar idea to Darwin, both ideas presented at the same time, used mimicry and biogeography to provide evidence
34
Evidence provided by mimicry for natural selection
Caterpillar larvae have bright colours to stop them from being eaten
35
Evidence provided by biogeography for natural selection
Mountain ranges with similar conditions didn't have the same organisms in them, disproved the idea that organisms had been created for their environment, geographical speciation
36
Sources of evidence now used for the theory of evolution by natural selection
Fossils, DNA, molecular evidence
37
Evidence for evolution provided by the fossil record
Fossils of simpler organisms are found in older rocks whereas more complex organisms are found in more recent rocks, sequence in which organisms are found matches their ecological links to each other, similarities in the anatomy of fossil organisms, relationships between extinct and living organisms can be investigated
38
Molecules used in molecular evidence for evolution
Cytochrome C, ribosomal RNA
39
How DNA provides evidence for evolution
Sequence of bases of different organisms compared, number of differences plotted against the rate of neutral base pair substitution, time at which two organisms shared a common ancestor calculated from this
40
How molecules are used in evidence for evolution
Cytochrome C and ribosomal RNA have a slow rate of substitution so can be used with fossil information to determine relationships between species
41
Intraspecific variation
Variation between organisms of the same species
42
Interspecific variation
Variation between members of different species
43
Discontinuous variation
A characteristic that can only result in certain values
44
Continuous variation
A characteristic that can take any value within a range
45
Differences between discontinuous and continuous variation
Discontinuous can't take intermediate values whereas continuous can, discontinuous is mainly determined by genetic factors whereas continuous is determined by genetic and environmental factors, discontinuous is mostly controlled by a single gene whereas continuous is polygenic
46
Examples of discontinuous variation
Animal's sex, human blood group, shape of bacteria, disease resistance
47
Examples of continuous variation
Height and mass of plants and animals
48
Genetic causes of variation
Alleles, mutations, meiosis, sexual reproduction, chance
49
Example of alleles causing variation
There are 3 alleles for blood group which can result in 4 different blood groups
50
Environmental causes of variation
Shade, drought, herbivores, scars, diet,
51
How to calculate standard deviation
Calculate mean value, subtract the mean value from each measured value, square each of the resulting values, sum each of the squared values, divide it by the sample size - 1, square root the answer
52
Role of standard deviation
To measure the spread of a set of data
53
Role of student's t-test
To compare means of data values of two populations
54
How to do the student's t-test
Subtract the mean of sample 2 from sample 1, square the standard deviation for each population and divide by the number of organisms in each sample, sum the two values, square root the resulting value, divide the subtracted value from the first step by the square rooted value
55
Degrees of freedom for the student's t-test
Degrees of Freedom = (n1 + n2) - 2
56
How to do a Spearman's Rank test
Rank the different characteristics, calculate the difference in ranks for each organism, square the differences, 1 - (6 x sum of squared differences)/ n(n^2-1)
57
Role of a Spearman's Rank test
To consider the relationship of the data
58
Types of adaptation
Anatomical, physiological, behavioural
59
Anatomical adaptations
Physical features
60
Behavioural adaptations
The way an organism acts
61
Physiological adaptations
Processes that take place inside an organism
62
Examples of anatomical adaptations
Body coverings for movement or insulation or protection, camouflage, shape of teeth, mimicry
63
Examples of behavioural adaptations
Survival behaviours like playing dead, courtship dances, migration, hibernation
64
Types of behavioural adaptations
Innate, learned
65
Example of an innate adaptation
Spiders building webs
66
Example of a learned adaptation
Use of tools
67
Examples of physiological adaptations
Poison production, antibiotic production, water holding, reflexes, blinking, temperature regulation
68
Why might organisms from different taxonomic groups show similar anatomical features?
Convergent evolution, organisms adapt to similar environments or selection pressures
69
Analogous structures
Structures that are adapted to perform the same function but have a different genetic origin
70
How do the marsupial and placental moles show convergent evolution?
Marsupials are in Australia and placental moles are in the Americas, the different species resemble each other because they have similar niches, streamlined body shape and modified forelimbs to help in digging through soft soil to find worms, velvety fur for smooth movement through soil
71
Difference between placental and marsupial moles
Placenta connects embryo to mother's circulatory system, no placenta in marsupial moles, start life in uterus and then enter the marsupium while still embryos and then suckle milk
72
Stages in natural selection
Genetic variation due to mutations, organisms who are best adapted to a selection pressure are more likely to survive and reproduce, successful organisms pass the allele for the advantageous characteristic onto offspring, repeats for every generation, proportion of individuals with the advantageous adaptation increases,
73
Examples of how evolution has implications for human populations
Pesticide resistance in sheep blowflies, antibiotic resistant bacteria, Flavobacterium's ability to digest nylon
74
How pesticide resistance in sheep blowflies works
Diazinon was previously used to kill blowflies that cause sores and death in sheep, blowflies became resistant by natural selection, pre-adaptation for resistance of malathion allowed rapid development of resistance to diazinon
75
How Flavobacterium breaking down nylon works
Flavobacterium found in waste water around factories that produce nylon 6, produce nylonases to break it down, beneficial to the bacteria because it's a source of nutrients, result of a gene duplication and frameshift mutation
76
Why may an organism not be classified as a species?
Can't produce fertile versions of themselves.
77
How have classification systems changed over time?
Originally 2 kingdoms based off of observable characteristics, microscopes allowed classification into 5 kingdoms, DNA sequencing and molecular evidence led to the three domain system
78
Why might a species be shown lower down a phylogenetic tree than other species?
Has gone extinct, it is in its position to show the point at which it existed
79
Evidence used to classify organisms
Embryology, fossil record, biochemical evidence, DNA, anatomy
80
How is DNA used to classify organisms?
Compare base sequences in DNA, the more similar the DNA the more closely related the organisms are, used to place into species
81
How does speciation occur?
Geographical and reproductive isolation, different environments have different selection pressures so different mutations will lead to advantageous characteristics
82
Classification
The sorting of organisms into taxa based on similarities and differences

Biology: Module 4: Biodiversity, Evolution & Disease (3 decks)

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