Classification of Biodiversity (5.3)

Question 1

The hierarchy of taxa

Answer 1

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 2

The Three Domain system

Answer 2

Shows the fundamentally different cell types of archaeans (prokaryote), bacteria (prokaryotes) and eukaryotes.

Question 3

Archaeans/Bacteria

Answer 3

• Prokaryotic cells with no membrane bound organelles (eg. no nucleus).
  Archaea are found in extreme environments like hot springs, Antarctic ice and extremely acidic/alkaline waters.

Question 4

Eukaryotes

Answer 4

Complex cells with membrane bound organelles.

Question 5

Classification of Humans (Application)

Answer 5

Domain: Eukarya.
Kingdom: Animalia.
Phylum: Chordata.
Class: Mammalia.
Order: Primate.
Family: Hominidae.
Genus: Homo.
Species: sapiens.

Question 6

Classification of Buttercups (Application)

Answer 6

Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Angiospermophyta
Class: Eudicotidae
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Ranunculaceae
Genus: Ranunculus
Species: acris

Question 7

The Four Eukaryotic Kingdoms

Answer 7

Protoctista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

Question 8

The Four Eukaryotic Kingdoms (Protoctista)

Answer 8

Unicellular (some multicellular). May be auto or heterotrophic. Live in water (marine/aquatic environments).
Examples of Protoctista: euglena, paramecium, amoeba.

Question 9

The Four Eukaryotic Kingdoms (Plantae)

Answer 9

Multicellular and autotrophic (possess chlorophyll so also photosynthetic). Their cell walls are made of cellulose.
Examples of Plantae: Mosses, ferns and angiosperms (flowering plants).

Question 10

The Four Eukaryotic Kingdoms (Animalia)

Answer 10

Multicellular and heterotrophic. Often motile (capable of motion).

Question 11

The Four Eukaryotic Kingdoms (Fungi)

Answer 11

Filamentous or unicellular. Heterotrophic (with extracellular digestion). Their cell walls are made of chitin.
Examples of Fungi: Yeast and mushrooms.

Question 12

Prokaryotes

Answer 12

Unicellular and lack distinct nuclei and membrane bound organelles. Their DNA is mainly circular (plasmids) eg. bacteria, cyanobacteria

Question 13

Why are Viruses not classified as living organisms?

Answer 13

Viruses are not made of living cells and lack the properties of living organisms eg. they do not reproduce independently, they must replicate by invading living cells.

Question 14

Kingdom: Plantae

Answer 14

Plantae are eukaryotic, multicellular and autotrophs (photosynthetic). Their cell walls are made of cellulose and food is stored as starch.

Question 15

Phylum: Bryophyta

Answer 15

Examples of Bryophyta: Mosses and liverworts.

Bryophyta live in moist, terrestrial environments. They are non-vascular (do not possess transport tissues of xylem or phloem). They have no ‘true’ roots, stems or leaves and reproduce via spores (no seeds or flowers).

Question 16

Phylum: Filicinophyta

Answer 16

Examples of Filicinophyta: Ferns

Filicinophyta live in moist terrestrial environments and are vascular (produce transport tissues xylem, for water, and phloem, for nutrients/food). They possess ‘true’ roots, stems and leaves and reproduce via spores (no seeds or flowers). They have alternation of sporophyte (spore producing) and gametophyte (gamete producing) generations.

Question 17

Phylum: Coniferaphyta

Answer 17

Examples of Coniferaphyta: Pine trees

Coniferaphyta live in terrestrial environments and are vascular (possess transport tissues xylem, for water, and phloem, for nutrients/food). They possess ‘true’ roots, stems and leaves. They have male and female cones, the male cones produce pollen and the female cones produce seeds.

Question 18

Phylum: Angiospermophyta

Answer 18

Examples of Angiospermophyta: Flowering plants

Angiospermophyta live in terrestrial environments and are vascular (possess transport tissues of xylem, for water, and phloem, for nutrients/food). They possess ‘true’ roots, stems and leaves and produce flowers with male and female gametes (pollen/ova respectively). They produce seeds in the flowers.

Question 19

Kingdom: Animalia

Answer 19

Multicellular, eukaryotic and heterotrophic. Food stored as glycogen and fat.

Question 20

Porifera

Answer 20

Examples of Porifera: Sponges

• Asymmetrical symmetry
• No mouth or anus
• Pores through body
• Loose collection of cells

Question 21

Cnideria

Answer 21

Examples of Cnideria: Jellyfish, anemones, coral

• Radial symmetry (round)
• Mouth but no anus (sac gut)
• Hydrostatic skeleton (no bones)
• Stinging tentacles

Question 22

Platyhelmintha

Answer 22

Examples of Platyhelmintha: Flatworms and tapeworms.

• Bilateral symmetry
• Mouth but no anus (sac gut)
• Hydrostatic skeleton
• Flat body

Question 23

Annelida

Answer 23

Examples of Annelida: earthworms, roundworms, nematodes and leeches

• Bilateral symmetry
• Mouth but no anus (sac gut)
• Hydrostatic skeleton (no bones)
• Segmented body

Question 24

Mollusca

Answer 24

Examples of Mollusca: Octopus, squids, snails and oysters.

• Bilateral symmetry
• Mouth and anus
• Hydrostatic skeleton (no bones)
• Muscular foot and mantle (respiratory chamber)
• Most have a shell

Question 25

Arthropoda

Answer 25

Examples of Arthropoda: Ants, beetles, crabs, crayfish and centipedes.

• Bilateral symmetry
• Mouth and anus
• Exoskeleton made of chitin
• Jointed appendages (can articulate motion)

Question 26

Chordata

Answer 26

Examples of Chordata: Fish, birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians.

• Bilateral symmetry
• Mouth and anus
• Endoskeleton made of bone and cartilage
• Have a notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits and a post-anal tail