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Classification of Micro-organisms Flashcards

1
Q

What is Microbiology?

A

Is The Study Of Living Organisms That Are Only Visible Under A Microscope.

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2
Q

What is the Science Of Pathogenic Bacteria

A

Bacteriology

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3
Q

What is the Science Of Infectious Viruses

A

Virology

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4
Q

What is The Study Of Reactions Between Antigen And Antibody

A

Serology

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5
Q

What is the Study Of Fungi- Pathogenic To Man

A

Mycology

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6
Q

What is the Study Of Parasites- Protozoa And Helminths (Worms)

A

Parasitology

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7
Q

What is the Study Of Pathogenic Protozoa

A

Protozoology

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8
Q

What is the Study Of Helminths (Worms)

A

Helminthology

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9
Q

What is the Study Of Insects (Vectors)- Transmitting Diseases To Man.

A

Entomology

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10
Q

What did Louis pasteur contribute to Microbiology?

A

He is a french chemist who is considered the father of microbiology.
1) Microbial theory of fermentation
2) Principles and practice of sterilisation (steam steriliser, hot air oven and autoclave)
3) Control of diseases of silkworms
4) development of vaccines for rabies, anthrax and cholera.
5) discovery of streptococci
6) Established A Link Between Bacteria And Diseases
7) Micro-Organisms Could Also Be Found On Non-Living
Matter Such As Liquids, Solids And Air
8) Developed The Concept Of Pasteurisation Which Is Still Used Today.

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11
Q

What did Ignaz Semmelweis contribute to Microbiology?

A

● without knowing about micro-organisms, he worked out how to prevent the spread of puerperal sepsis in postnatal wards.
● Hand disinfection

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12
Q

What did John Snow contribute to Microbiology?

A

He is regarded as the first Epidemiologist
● identified the source of the spread of cholera in London
● and prevented further spread of the disease by removing the handle
of the contaminated water pump

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13
Q

What did Antony van Leeuwenhoek contribute to Microbiology?

A

He is considered the father of Microscopy
Developed a powerful magnifying glass through which he saw and called them ‘animalcules’. He was the first person to see and describe microbes.

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14
Q

What did Joseph Lister contribute to Microbiology?

A

Lister- aseptic technique during surgery

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15
Q

What did Alexander Fleming contribute to microbiology?

A

● Discovery of the first antibiotic
● Isolated penicillin in 1928 (introduced in 1942), an antibiotic substance produced by the
fungus Penicillium notatum
● This accidental discovery marked the start of modern antibiotics

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16
Q

What did Zacharias Janssen contribute to microbiology?

A

first compound microscope

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17
Q

What did Edward Jenner contribute to microbiology?

A

developed the first vaccination for Smallpox

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18
Q

What did Gerald Hansen contribute to microbiology?

A

identified the Mycobacterium leprae, which causes Leprosy, a
disease first recorded about 600 BC in India and China.

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19
Q

What did Edwin Klebs contribute to microbiology?

A

identified Corynebacter diphtheriae ,discovery of exotoxins, which
are powerful tissue poisons which some organisms produce during growth.
● Diphtheriae has been almost completely eradicated due to the constant use of a human
vaccine from 1913.

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20
Q

What did Hans Christian Gram contribute to microbiology?

A

developed a method of staining bacteria.

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21
Q

What did Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin contribute to microbiology?

A

introduced a vaccine against Tuberculosis -
the BCG (Bacille Calmette Guerin)

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22
Q

What did Paul Elrich contribute to microbiology?

A

introduced an arsenical antimicrobial called Salvarsa. First drug
effective against Syphilis

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23
Q

What did Robert Koch contribute to microbiology?

A

german doctor who is considered the father of bacteriology
1) discovery and use of solid media in microbiology
2) discovery of the causative agents of anthrax, TB and cholera
3) Koch’s phenomenon, hypersensitivity phenomenon of mycobacterium tuberculosis
4) koch’s postulates

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24
Q

Describe a prokaryotic cell

A

-Small in size
-No nucleus
-Cells divide by binary fission
-Includes only bacteria
-Lacks Organelles
-Single-celled organisms
-DNA is usually a singular circular chromosome

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25
Describe a eukaryotic cell
-Large in size -Has a true nucleus -Cells divide by mitosis - Includes Fungi, parasites and protozoa -Has organelles -Can be single-celled or multi-celled organisms -DNA is organised as multiple linear chromosomes
26
Describe the coccus shape of bacteria
● Oval or spherical shaped ● Can be arranged in pairs (diplococci) or clusters (staphylococci) Or chains (streptococci)
27
Describe the Bacillus shape of bacteria
● Rod-shaped ● Coccobacilli- length approximately same as width ● Streptobacilli – bacilli arranged in chains ● Chinese Letter or Curie form patterns at right angles to each other- Corynebacterium diphtheriae
28
Describe the coccobacillus shape of bacteria
They are a type of bacteria that are shaped like very short rods or ovals. cocci are oval or spherical shaped while bacillus are rod shaped. therefore coccobaccilus is a combination between coccus and bacillus
29
Describe the Vibrio shape of bacteria
Curved or comma shaped ● Curved rods ● Vibrating motility ● Vibrio Cholerae
30
Describe the spirilla shape of bacteria
Rigid spiral forms E.g. Spirillum minus
31
Describe the spirochetes shape of bacteria
Coiled shape ● Has slender flexuous spiral forms
32
Describe the actinomycetes shape of bacteria
Has slender flexuous spiral forms ● Branching filamentous bacteria ● Resembles fungus when seen in tissue lesions
33
Describe the mycoplasma shape of bacteria
Tiny bacteria, smaller than large viruses, lacking cell wall ● Can live independently ● Can grow in artificial media ● No stable shape ● Round or oval bodies ● With interlacing filaments
34
Describe the chlamydia shape of bacteria
Very small intracellular bacteria visible with light microscope ● Intracellular parasites ● Fail to grow in cell-free media ● Possess both DNA and RNA ● Susceptible to usual antibiotics ● Causes trachoma and lymphogranuloma venereum
35
What is a virus
Virus is a latin word meaning poison. they are unicellular, ultramicroscopic particles containing RNA or DNA which replicate inside living cells (not by binary fission) they are acellular.
36
what is the structure of a virus
a virus is composed of three main parts capsid- is a protein coat which protects the nucleic acids from nucleases and is composed of a large number of capsomers. nucleic acid- contains the viral genome- all the genetic information. envelope- certain viruses contain envelopes and are lipoprotein aqueous in nature.
37
what is the size of a virus
they vary in size
38
what are the 3 shapes of a virus
bullet shape, brick shape, rod shaped
39
what is the symmetry of a virus
Icosahedral Helical complex
40
How are viruses cultivated?
Inoculation into animals- mice, guinea pigs, rabbits and primates ● Inoculation into embryonated eggs – fertile chicken eggs incubated for 5-12 days ● Tissue – method of choice, involves obtaining living cells derived from monkey kidneys or human amnion ● Cytopathic effect –when viruses kill the cell in which it grows, it brings about changes in the host cell
41
What are the characteristics of a virus
Smallest infectious agent ● Do not possess cellular organisation ● Obligate intracellular parasites due to lack of enzymes and so depend on the synthetic machinery of host cells ● Contains one type of nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA ● The nucleic acid is enclosed in a protein shell ● Fail to grow on artificial media ● Limited host range ● Multiply by a complex process – replication ● Uncuffed by antibiotics
42
define Viroid
viroids are infectious agents that are resistant to heat and organic solvents
43
define prion
prion refers to infectious proteins without nucleic acids and are resistant to physical and chemical agents
44
What is the disease that variola virus causes
DNA virus disease- small pox
45
Herpes virus- give the virus and the disease which type of virus is this virus (DNA or RNA)
DNA virus virus- herpes simplex 1 and 2 disease- Herpetic stomatitis, cold sores, genital herpes, chicken pox, glandular fever, burkitt lymphoma (Tumor of the jaw)
46
What diseases does adenovirus cause
DNA virus virus- Adenovirus disease- Respiratory, eye and gastrointestinal diseases
47
Hepa DNS viruses- give the virus and the disease which type of virus is this virus (DNA or RNA)
DNA virus virus- Hepatitis B disease- serum hepatitis
48
Papova viruses- give the virus and the disease which type of virus is this virus (DNA or RNA)
DNA virus virus- Papillomavirus disease- Warts and human skin cancer
49
what disease does polioviruses, rhinoviruses and enteroviruses cause
RNA virus disease- poliomyelitis, hepatitis A, common cold
50
what disease does alphavirus and flavivirus cause
RNA virus virus- alphavirus, flavivirus disease- encephalitis, japanese encephalitis (JE), Brain fever, dengue fever/ yellow fever
51
what disease does influenza virus cause
RNA virus virus- Influenza disease- Influenza
52
what is the disease caused by Parainfluenza virus
RNA virus disease- Croup, respiratory infections, bronchitis, measles, mumps
53
Rhabdovirus- give the virus and the disease which type of virus is this virus (DNA or RNA)
RNA virus virus- Rabies disease- Rabies (hydrophobia) zoonoses
54
What does Rotavirus cause
RNA virus virus- Rotavirus disease- Infantile gastroenteritis, diarrhoea, virus causing respiratory infection
55
Retrovirus- give the virus and the disease which type of virus is this virus (DNA or RNA)
RNA virus virus- HIV Type 1 and Type 2 disease- AIDS
56
What is the study of fungi called
mycology
57
What are the 3 major groups of Mycoses
Superficial Deep Opportunistic
58
what is the scientific name of ringworm and where does it affect the human
Dermatophytosis- infects the hair, skin and nails
59
What are the three branches of Dermatophytosis and where do each affect the human body
Trichophyton- infects the hair, skin and nails Microsporum- Infects the hair and the skin Epidermophyton- infects the skin and nails
60
What are the classifications of deep mycosis
Subcutaneous and systemic
61
What are the three branches of subcutaneous deep mycosis and where in the body does it affect the human
Mycetoma- it infects the feet Sporotrichosis- infects the skin and subcutaneous tissues Rhinosporidiosis- infects the nose, mouth and eyes
62
How Many types of systemic mycosis are there
5 types
63
List the five types of systemic deep mycosis
1. Cryptococcosis 2. Histoplasmosis 3.Blastomycosis 4.Para coccidioidomycosis 5. Coccidioitides mycosis
64
What and where does mucomycosis occur in the body
Disease caused by Rhizopus Mucor in diabetics and other debilitating illness *Primary infection occur in the lungs invading arteries
65
what is athletes foot
Fungal infection of the skin Usually between the toes or on soles of feet Most commonly feet because shoes ensure a warm ,dark and humid environment conducive for growth Damp areas around swimming pools, public lockers and showers are breeding grounds
66
What are the symptoms of athletes foot
Red scaly rash between toes Itching and burning of affected areas After itching, areas become raw and weepy Common in adolescent children, especially boys And bad smelly feet
67
How do you prevent getting athletes foot
Discourage walking around bare feet in constant damp areas Sundry shoes between uses, especially kids Change socks daily Wash feet daily and after play Dry feet thoroughly especially between toes Encourage wearing of cotton socks for sweat absorption
68
what is candidiasis /candidiosis
Refers to skin infection, mucosa and rarely internal organs Caused by yeast fungus Candida albicans Candida species are normal inhabitants of thee skin and mucosa It is an endogenous opportunistic infection Common in diabetes
69
what is vaginitis
Vaginitis characterised by acidic discharge-frequently during pregnancy
70
what is rickettsiae
Rickettsiae is a diverse collection of obligately intracellular gram- negative bacteria
71
where are rickettsiae found
they are found in ticks, lice, fleas, mites, chiggers and mammals
72
What are the four categories that the protozoa are classified into
1. Amoebas 2. Flagellates 3. Sporozoa 4. Ciliates
73
What is a parasite
An organism , which is dependent on another organism for survival Obtains nourishment and shelter from the organisms on which it thrives Broadly classified into Protozoa and Helminths
74
What is a obligate parasite
A parasite which is completely dependent on the host
75
What is a pathogen
a pathogen is a parasite, which is able to produce disease in the host
76
what is a host
An organism which harbours the parasite and it is usually larger than the parasite
77
What is an intermediate host
A host in which the intermediate stage of the parasite develops/larvae
78
What is a definitive host
A host in which sexual reproduction takes place
79
What are the 3 types of flagellates
1. trichomonas vaginalis 2. trypanosoma brucei 3. Giardia Lambia
80
what does trichomonas vaginalis cause
Causes vaginitis in females and urethritis in males Infection in females manifests with profuse yellowish foul-smelling frothy discharge Transmitted by sexual intercourse.
81
what does trypanosoma brucei cause
causes sleeping sickness. Infection is characterized by lassitude, inability to eat and unconsciousness. Transmitted by Tsetse fly.
82
what does Giardia Lambia cause
causes diarrhea/ Giardiasis This diarrhea is characterized by abdominal cramps, steatorrhea and weight loss. It is a water-borne infection
83
What are the three branches of sporozoa
1. Plasmodium Malariae 2. Toxoplasma Gondii 3. Cryptosporidium Parvum
84
what does Plasmodium Malariae cause
is the sporozoa that causes malaria Transmitted by an infected anopheles mosquito. Infection is characterized by severe chills, high fever, sweating, muscle aches, vomiting and often headaches
85
what does Toxoplasma Gondii cause
causes Toxoplasmosis Transmitted by infected cats. Infection causes stillbirth and other serious congenital defects if contracted by a pregnant woman.
86
what does Cryptosporidiumm Parvum cause
causes diarrhea/ Cryptosporidiosis In severely immuno-compromised patients, the diarrhea is life threatening. Infection is usually water-borne
87
what are endoparasites
endoparasites are insects that inhabit humans and transmit diseases to human beings
88
what is the definition of malaria
it is a protozoan disease. A communicable notifiable debilitating disease, characterised by intermittent attacks of fever , rigors and prostration Legislation : Regulated under the Health Act of the RSA no 63 of 1977 - It states : It is an offense to allow mosquito breeding in or upon any premises.
89
how is malaria transmitted
Through the bite of an infected female anopheles mosquito The sporozoites from the mosquito salivary gland are injected into the human as the mosquito must inject anticoagulant saliva to ensure an even flowing meal. By blood transfusions

Microbiology (8 decks)

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