classification of schizophrenia Flashcards
(25 cards)
what are positive symptoms
symptoms that add something additional to normal behaviour
what are negative symptoms
symptoms that take away from normal functioning
what’re 2 positive symptoms
hallucinations (signs, sounds and distorted perceptions)
delusions (beliefs that are inconsistent with realist)
what’re 2 negative symptoms
speech poverty (slow, delayed and infrequent speech)
avolition (lack of goal directed behaviour / reduced motivation)
what 2 manuals are commonly used to diagnose schizophrenics
DSM 5
ICD 10
what’re the characteristic symptoms that manuals require for a diagnoses
2 out of:
- delusions
- hallucinations
- disorganised speech
-catatonic/grossly disorganised behaviour
-negative symptoms
The DSM needs at least one positive symptom
The ICD needs any 2 symptoms (including negatives)
what is reliability
consistency
what is validity
accuracy
what does criterion validity involve
how accurately the ‘test’ used to measure (schizophrenia) actually measures (schizophrenia)
how did Osorio support schizophrenia assessment’s test-retest reliability
Osorio et al. (2019) used 180 individuals in an assessment for schizophrenia.
he found test-retest reliability of +0.92 for the DSM 5
how did Osorio support schizophrenia assessment’s test inter-rater reliability
Osorio et al. (2019) used 180 individuals in an assessment for schizophrenia, found inter-rater reliability of +0.97 for the DSM 5
what percentage from results is required to be considered reliable in psychology
+0.8
are osorio’s findings a strength or weakness for reliability of classification of schizophrenia
Strength for the reliability of classification of schizophrenia because they provide consistent results based on the objective symptoms
how did Cheniaux study the criterion validity of the classification of schizophrenia
used 100 individuals assessed by 2 doctors: one with the DSM and the other the ICD.
what were cheniaux’s results
39 were diagnosed under the DSM and 68 under the ICD
either people are needlessly diagnosed by the ICD or under-diagnosed by the DSM, lowering the criterion validity of the diagnosis
what was Rosenhan’s study
he used healthy “pseudopatients” (3 women and 5 men including Rosenhan) to be diagnosed after briefly faking the symptom of auditory hallucination of the work ‘thud’ only and no other symptoms.
what were Rosenhan’s results
All were admitted and diagnosed with psychiatric disorders.
after acting normally and saying they felt fine, the admitted pseudopatients were forced to admit to having a mental illness and to agree to take antipsychotic drugs as a condition of their release
the average time in the hospital was 19 days
how did Rosenhan’s follow up worsen diagnoses validities further
upon releasing his details he deceived the hospitals by warning of future pseudopatients
after the hospitals ‘identified’ them, Rosenhan explained how he had lied and that there weren’t any pseudopatients
what was Osorio’s inter-rater reliability
+0.97
what was Osorio’s test-retest reliability
+0.92
what is co-morbidity
if 2 conditions occur together much of the time it questions whether they should be diagnosed as the same condition rather than 2
what’re the co-morbidity stats for Sz
50% also depression
47% substance abuse
23% OCD
what is the symptom overlap issue with Sz
-some overlap exists eg. Bipolar disorder includes positive symptoms such as hallucinations/delusions, and negative symptoms such as avolition
-this means that they may not be 2 different conditions but variations of the same illness that are hard to diagnose
what is the gender bias issue with Sz
-men are ~40% more frequently diagnosed than women.
-could be women being less likely to have Sz or be better at ‘managing’ it, eg closer friends/better support
-means the criteria may not be properly identifying female Sz, meaning that women are unlikely to get the help/treatment needed
