Classification of Schizophrenia

Question 1

what is schizophrenia

Answer 1

a group of psychotic disorders characterised by a loss of contact with reality due to profound disruption to cognition and emotion

Question 2

when do women generally get diagnosed with schizophrenia

Answer 2

late 20s

Question 3

when do men generally get diagnosed with schizophrenia

Answer 3

late teen/early 20s

Question 4

what are delusions

Answer 4

a belief in something that is not nor could be true

Question 5

what are hallucinations

Answer 5

experienced stimuli that are in reality not present

Question 6

name 4 clinical characterists of schizophrenia

Answer 6

• disordered thinking
• impaired emotional response
• distortion of reality
• poor interpersonal skills

Question 7

what are positive symptoms

Answer 7

symptoms that reflect an excess/distortion of normal functions

Question 8

what are negative symptoms

Answer 8

symptoms that reflect a reduction or loss of normal functions

Question 9

name the four positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 9

• hallucinations
• delusions
• disorganised speech
• catatonic behaviour

Question 10

are hallucinations a positive or negative symptom of schizophrenia

Answer 10

positive

Question 11

are delusions a positive or negative symptom of schizophrenia

Answer 11

positive

Question 12

is disorganised speech a positive or negative symptom of schizophrenia

Answer 12

positive

Question 13

is catatonic behaviour a positive or negative symptom of schizophrenia

Answer 13

positive

Question 14

is speech poverty a positive or negative symptom of schizophrenia

Answer 14

negative

Question 15

is avolition a positive or negative symptom of schizophrenia

Answer 15

negative

Question 16

is affective flattening a positive or negative symptom of schizophrenia

Answer 16

negative

Question 17

is anhedonia a positive or negative symptom of schizophrenia

Answer 17

negative

Question 18

name the four negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 18

• speech poverty
• avolition
• affective flattening
• anhedonia

Question 19

what are hallucinations in reference to schizophrenia

Answer 19

unreal perceptions of the environment that are usually auditory, visual, olfactory or tactile

Question 20

what are delusions in reference to schizophrenia

Answer 20

inflated beliefs about the person’s power or importance or delusions of reference = where events seem to be directly related to them

Question 21

what is disorganised speech the result of

Answer 21

abnormal though processes, problems organising thoughtd

Question 22

what is disorganised speech

Answer 22

speech that changes topic frequently/has no one clear line of thought

Question 23

what is catatonic behaviour

Answer 23

the inability. lack of motivation to start or complete tasks - reduced reaction to the environment

Question 24

what is speech poverty

Answer 24

lessening speech fluency/productivity reflecting slowed/blocked thoughts

Question 25

what are the characteristic signs of speech poverty

Answer 25

difficulty in spontaneously producing words and less complex speech

Question 26

what is avolition

Answer 26

a lack of goal directed behaviour - reduction in interests and desires

Question 27

what is affective flattening

Answer 27

a reduction in the range and intensity of emotional expression and facial expression

Question 28

what is anhedonia

Answer 28

a loss of interest or pleasure in all or most activities

Question 29

what two types of anhedonia are there

Answer 29

- social - physical

Question 30

what is physical anhedonia

Answer 30

when no pleasure is experienced from food or body contact

Question 31

what is social anhedonia

Answer 31

when no pleasure is experienced from interactions

Question 32

what is reliability in terms of schizophrenia

Answer 32

the consistency of a measuring instrument (eg DSM-5/classification system/questionnaire/scale) to assess the severity of symptoms

Question 33

what is validity in reference to schizophrenia

Answer 33

the extent to which a diagnosis represents something that is real and distinct from other disorders

Question 34

what does diagnostic reliability mean

Answer 34

the diagnosis of schizophrenia must be repeatable

Question 35

what are the two types of reliability

Answer 35

- test-retest - inter-rater

Question 36

what is inter-rater relaibility

Answer 36

when different clinicians reach the same conclusions

Question 37

what is test-retest reliabiltiy

Answer 37

when a clinician is able to reach the same conclusions at two different points in time

Question 38

what is meant by he cultural differences in diagnosis

Answer 38

culture has an influence on diagnostic practises

Question 39

who studied the cultural differences in diagnosis

Answer 39

Copeland

Question 40

what did Copeland do and find in his study

Answer 40

- gave 134 US clinicians and 194 UK clinicians the same description of a patient - 69% of US clinicians diagnosed w schizophrenia vs only 2% of UK clinicians

Question 41

what are the three aspects of validity in schizophrenia i need to know

Answer 41

- gender bias - symptom overlap - co-morbidity

Question 42

what is validity in terms of diagnosis

Answer 42

whether an observed effect is a genuine one

Question 43

what is co-morbidity

Answer 43

the extent that two or more conditions/disease occur simultaneously in a patient

Question 44

what evidence is there for co-morbidity in schizophrenia

Answer 44

- 50% w SZ have depression - 25% w SZ have OCD

Question 45

what is symptom overlap

Answer 45

the fact that symptoms of a disorder may not be unique to that disorder, but can be found within other disorders too

Question 46

what evidence is there for symptom overlap in schizophrenia

Answer 46

one study found that dissociative identity disorder patients have more schizophrenia symptoms than actual SZ patients

Question 47

what is gender bias

Answer 47

the tendency to misrepresent the behaviour of men and women

Question 48

what evidence is there for gender bias in schizophrenia

Answer 48

- gender biased diagnostic criteria - categories in the DSM are biased towards pathologising one gender